{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T11:07:26Z","timestamp":1791630446779,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Use of technology is central to the management of type 1 diabetes (T1D), while patient reported outcomes measures (PROMs) can support in the management of these individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PURPOSE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the effect of diabetes technologies on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in type 1 diabetes (T1D).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATA SOURCES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cochrane Library CENTRAL, Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for relevant articles from 2013 to August 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>STUDY SELECTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included longitudinal diabetes technology studies assessing validated PROMs in nonpregnant adults with T1D.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATA EXTRACTION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study characteristics and PROM data were extracted, and standardized mean differences (SMDs) for PROs were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DATA SYNTHESIS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 4,885 articles, comprising 81 independent studies (n = 19,148 participants) and 70 different PROMs. The Hypoglycemia Fear Survey (HFS) was most commonly used (k = 39 studies), followed by the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (status [DTSQs] or change version [DTSQc]; k = 38), Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS; k = 25), and Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale (k = 24). Technology use was associated with lower HFS total score compared with control (SMD \u22120.177; 95% CI \u22120.319, \u22120.036; P = 0.014; I2 = 0.0%), with the largest effect observed in automated insulin device users. A moderate positive effect of diabetes technologies was observed on DTSQs and DTSQc scores (SMD 0.429; 95% CI 0.206, 0.653; P &amp;lt; 0.001; I2 = 72.3%), with a small to moderate reduction in DDS and PAID scores (SMD \u22120.265; 95% CI \u22120.363, \u22120.166; P &amp;lt; 0.001; I2 = 0.0%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>LIMITATIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Differences in type of technology, varied use and incomplete reporting of PROMs, and different duration of studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetes technologies offer psychological benefits in adults with T1D. The large number of reported PROMs suggests a need to standardize their use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-1178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T18:25:57Z","timestamp":1761848757000},"page":"2160-2180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of Modern Glucose Monitoring and Insulin Delivery Technologies on Patient-Reported Outcomes and Experiences in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6457-8701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miao","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LIGHT Laboratories, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds 1 , Leeds, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swathi","family":"Saravanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Leeds 2 , Leeds, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Munyombwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institutes of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Data Analytics, University of Leeds 3 , Leeds, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1204-6896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Speight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Transformation, School of Psychology, Deakin University 4 , Geelong, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Centre for Behavioral Research in Diabetes, Diabetes Victoria, Carlton 5 , Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychological and Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds 6 , Leeds, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Traviss-Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Primary and Palliative Care, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds 7 , Leeds, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1636-3725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramzi A.","family":"Ajjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIGHT Laboratories, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds 1 , Leeds, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061714584243800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.2337\/dci21-0043","article-title":"The management of type 1 diabetes in adults. 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