{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T16:59:04Z","timestamp":1781801944733,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES0266542"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES0266542"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30ES007048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30ES007048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30ES023515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30ES023515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P42ES036506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P42ES036506"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES033688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES033688"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24ES026539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24ES026539"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2CES026533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2CES026533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2CES026542"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2CES026542"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2CES026555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2CES026555"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2CES026561"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2CES026561"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2CES030851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2CES030851"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2CES030857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2CES030857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2CES030859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2CES030859"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24OD023319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24OD023319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24OD023382"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24OD023382"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24OD035523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24OD035523"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2COD023375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2COD023375"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023249"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023251"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023279"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023288"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023290"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023344"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023344"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023349"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3\/UH3OD023389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3\/UH3OD023389"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035508"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035509"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035516"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035527"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035528"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035529"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035532"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035536"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035540"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035542"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035542"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035543"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035544"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035546"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3OD035550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3OD035550"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3OD023268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3OD023268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3OD023271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3OD023271"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3OD023286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3OD023286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3OD023287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3OD023287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3OD023318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3OD023318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3OD023320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3OD023320"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3OD023328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3OD023328"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3OD023332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3OD023332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3OD023347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3OD023347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000051","name":"National Human Genome Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01HG013288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01HG013288"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may increase the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), with adverse consequences for pregnant women and their offspring. However, epidemiologic studies have shown inconsistent results. We addressed this question in a large, pooled sample of U.S. women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants (n = 5,229) from 16 cohorts had singleton pregnancies. PFAS were quantified in a single plasma or serum sample during pregnancy (1999\u20132021); six PFAS detected in \u226560% of participants were analyzed. The primary outcome was GDM diagnosis based on self-report or medical record documentation. The secondary outcome, among 1,213 participants, was fasting glucose. We estimated associations between each PFAS and GDM using generalized estimating equations models with Poisson distribution and robust variance, and estimated associations between each PFAS and fasting glucose using generalized estimating equations models for linear regression. Effect modification by prepregnancy BMI or race and ethnicity was evaluated via interaction terms and stratification. We quantified the combined effect of the PFAS mixture using quantile-based g-computation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Associations between individual PFAS and GDM were null or weakly inverse; the association with the six-PFAS mixture was negative (prevalence ratio [95% CI] per quartile increase: 0.75 [0.58, 0.96]). Certain PFAS were more strongly negatively associated with GDM among participants with BMI &amp;lt;25 kg\/m2. Associations between PFAS and fasting glucose were largely null, although both positive and negative associations were observed in specific race and ethnicity strata.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a large, pooled sample of U.S. pregnant women, greater concentrations of PFAS were not associated with higher prevalence of GDM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-1340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T17:07:11Z","timestamp":1774372031000},"page":"852-860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances During Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes: The Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6638-8314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne P.","family":"Starling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1 , Chapel Hill, NC"},{"name":"Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus 2 , Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Burjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University 3 , Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adaeze W.","family":"Nzegwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University 3 , Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoshuang","family":"Xun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University 3 , Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John L.","family":"Adgate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus 4 , Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily S.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers School of Public Health 5 , Piscataway, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah H.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California 6 , Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leda","family":"Chatzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC 7 , Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Colicino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 8 , New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Dabelea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus 2 , Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne L.","family":"Dunlop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine 9 , Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"Eick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University 10 , Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohreh F.","family":"Farzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC 7 , Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assiamira","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research and Center for Upstream Prevention of Adiposity and Diabetes Mellitus 11 , Pleasanton, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abby F.","family":"Fleisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Population & Health Research, MaineHealth Institute for Research 12 , Westbrook, ME"},{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Maine Medical Center 13 , Portland, ME"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah D.","family":"Geiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Kinesiology and The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 14 , Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique M.","family":"Hedderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research and Center for Upstream Prevention of Adiposity and Diabetes Mellitus 11 , Pleasanton, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda G.","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine 15 , New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret R.","family":"Karagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth 16 , Hanover, NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel S.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School 17 , Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donghai","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University 10 , Atlanta, GA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pi-I","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chronic Disease Research Across the Lifecourse, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute 18 , Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas G.","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester 19 , Rochester, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy M.","family":"Padula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Program for Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California 20 , San Francisco, San Francisco, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia K.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research and Center for Upstream Prevention of Adiposity and Diabetes Mellitus 11 , Pleasanton, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan E.","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth 16 , Hanover, NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheela","family":"Sathyanarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Epidemiology and Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington 21 , Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeyi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research and Center for Upstream Prevention of Adiposity and Diabetes Mellitus 11 , Pleasanton, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4633-229X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damaskini","family":"Valvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 8 , New York, NY"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai 22 , New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"ECHO Cohort Consortium*","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Brian","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Kristin","family":"Newby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Adair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa P.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Catellier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Duggal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Knapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amii","family":"Kress","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney K.","family":"Blackwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxwell A.","family":"Mansoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Shei","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Cella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Gershon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Macy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suman R.","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Freedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon A.","family":"Mallal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi V.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan H.","family":"Shilts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akram N.","family":"Alshawabkeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose F.","family":"Cordero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Meeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Trasande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Carlos A.","family":"Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaozhong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley F.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Dabelea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Perng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Traci A.","family":"Bekelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greta","family":"Wilkening","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheryl","family":"Magzamen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brianna F.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne P.","family":"Starling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah J.","family":"Rinehart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphne","family":"Koinis Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viren","family":"D\u2019Sa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean C.L.","family":"Deoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Georg","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiane S.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Monk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glorisa","family":"Canino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Posner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tenneill","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Lugo-Candelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne L.","family":"Dunlop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Hockett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assiamira","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Croen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique M.","family":"Hedderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ainsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard B.","family":"Bacharier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casper G.","family":"Bendixsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Gern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane R.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina V.","family":"Hartert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine C.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine L.M.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meyer","family":"Kattan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurjit K.","family":"Khurana Hershey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","family":"Lemanske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan V.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George T.","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Ober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Ownby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Rivera-Spoljaric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick H.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Seroogy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Marie","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward M.","family":"Zoratti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rima","family":"Habre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohreh","family":"Farzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank D.","family":"Gilliland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irva","family":"Hertz-Picciotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah H.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie B.","family":"Schweitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine M.","family":"LaSalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison E.","family":"Hipwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine J.","family":"Karr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole R.","family":"Bush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaja Z.","family":"LeWinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheela","family":"Sathyanarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Tylavsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kecia N.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine T.","family":"Loftus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie D.","family":"Leve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jody M.","family":"Ganiban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenae M.","family":"Neiderhiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott T.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augusto A.","family":"Litonjua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy T.","family":"McEvoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliot R.","family":"Spindel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Tepper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig J.","family":"Newschaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Lyall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather E.","family":"Volk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Landa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Ozonoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Piven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Hazlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhi","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Dager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Botteron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Messinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Ames","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas G.","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Oken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele R.","family":"Hacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamarra","family":"James-Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Michael","family":"O\u2019Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca C.","family":"Fry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean A.","family":"Frazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachana","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Rollins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Vaidya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa K.","family":"Washburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Semsa","family":"Gogcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Bear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie V.","family":"Rollins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Hooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genevieve","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Msall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Lenski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawad","family":"Obeid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven L.","family":"Pastyrnak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hudson","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean M.","family":"Kerver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Paneth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"Charles J.","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas M.","family":"Ruden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Fussman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie B.","family":"Herbstman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Margolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Schantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Dee","family":"Geiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Tabb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Strakovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey","family":"Woodruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Morello-Frosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Padula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph B.","family":"Stanford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina A.","family":"Porucznik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo P.","family":"Giardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalind J.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert O.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent","family":"Collett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Baumann-Blackmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Gangnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris G.","family":"McKennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Altman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy L.","family":"Aschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemarie","family":"Stroustrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie L.","family":"Merhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul E.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria S.","family":"Pryhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Hudak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann Marie","family":"Reynolds Lyndaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Lampland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burton","family":"Rochelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Jan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Blitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle W.","family":"Katzow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zenobia","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Codruta","family":"Chiuzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Rafael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawnette","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Meirowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Poindexter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tebeb","family":"Gebretsadik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Osmundson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer K.","family":"Straughen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Eapen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Cassidy-Bushrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganesa","family":"Wegienka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Sitarik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Woodcroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Urquhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tisa","family":"Johnson-Hooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengfei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily S.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Blaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Gloria","family":"Dominguez-Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel B.","family":"Horton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristy","family":"Palomares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyndsay A.","family":"Avalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeyi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly J.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger B.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallory H.","family":"Alkis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunni L.","family":"Mumford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather H.","family":"Burris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara B.","family":"DeMauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn M.","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Hamvas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia F.","family":"Olidipo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa R.","family":"Eiland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole T.","family":"Spillane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirin N.","family":"Suri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leena B.","family":"Mithal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raye-Ann O.","family":"DeRegnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie L.","family":"Maitre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruby H.N.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan M.","family":"JaKa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbey C.","family":"Sidebottom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Paidas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JoNell E.","family":"Potter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natale","family":"Ruby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lunthita","family":"Duthely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arumugam","family":"Jayakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan L.","family":"Slaughter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Keim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney D.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kartik K.","family":"Venkatesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina W.","family":"Whitworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Symanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas F.","family":"Northrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector","family":"Mendez-Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo A.","family":"Mosquera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret R.","family":"Karagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliette C.","family":"Madan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra M.","family":"MacKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnnye L.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon J.","family":"Rennie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bennett L.","family":"Leventhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Shin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somer","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara S.","family":"Nozadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry M.","family":"Lester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen J.","family":"Marsit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Everson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia M.","family":"Loncar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth C.","family":"McGowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Sheinkopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian S.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Check","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer B.","family":"Helderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles R.","family":"Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne M.","family":"Smith.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061812462641400_B1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trends and characteristics in gestational diabetes: United States, 2016\u20132020","volume":"71","author":"Gregory","year":"2022","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.3189","article-title":"Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes among pregnant individuals with gestational diabetes by race and ethnicity in the United States, 2014\u20132020","volume":"327","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60731-5","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"373","author":"Bellamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550130052036","article-title":"A prospective study of pregravid determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"278","author":"Solomon","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-018-0094-1","article-title":"A review of the pathways of human exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and present understanding of health effects","volume":"29","author":"Sunderland","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1021\/es0512475","article-title":"Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates","volume":"40","author":"Prevedouros","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77004","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP6785","article-title":"Serum half-lives for short- and long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids after ceasing exposure from drinking water contaminated by firefighting foam","volume":"128","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11840","article-title":"Associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposures and blood lipid levels among adults-a meta-analysis","volume":"131","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-018-0097-y","article-title":"Exposure to per-fluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances leads to immunotoxicity: epidemiological and toxicological evidence","volume":"29","author":"DeWitt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4890","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance toxicity and human health review: current state of knowledge and strategies for informing future research","volume":"40","author":"Fenton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965384","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.965384","article-title":"Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and type 2 diabetes risk","volume":"13","author":"Roth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-021-00740-z","article-title":"A pathway level analysis of PFAS exposure and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Birru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-017-0164-6","article-title":"Perfluorooctanoic acid impaired glucose homeostasis through affecting adipose AKT pathway","volume":"70","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-020-00279-0","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their effects on the placenta, pregnancy, and child development: a potential mechanistic role for placental peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)","volume":"7","author":"Szilagyi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111632","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"201","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113904","article-title":"Association between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"240","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116017","article-title":"Association between prenatal perfluorinated compounds exposure and risk of pregnancy complications: a meta-analysis","volume":"272","author":"Pang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2864","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa328","article-title":"Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with glucose tolerance during pregnancy in Project Viva","volume":"105","author":"Preston","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.01.027","article-title":"Persistent organic pollutants and gestational diabetes: a multi-center prospective cohort study of healthy US women","volume":"124","author":"Rahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106621","article-title":"Environmental exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances in early pregnancy, maternal glucose homeostasis and the risk of gestational diabetes: a prospective cohort study","volume":"156","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000600","article-title":"Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes, a research program of the National Institutes of Health","volume":"30","author":"Gillman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwad071","article-title":"The Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO)-wide cohort","volume":"192","author":"Knapp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240467","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2023.2240467","article-title":"Risk factors for adverse outcomes in twin pregnancies: a narrative review","volume":"36","author":"Whittaker","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-012-0360-x","article-title":"Maternal\/fetal determinants of insulin resistance in women during pregnancy and in offspring over life","volume":"13","author":"Lacroix","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2010.10.051","article-title":"Improved selectivity for the analysis of maternal serum and cord serum for polyfluoroalkyl chemicals","volume":"1218","author":"Kato","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1071\/EN17192","article-title":"A rapid method for the analysis of perfluorinated alkyl substances in serum by hybrid solid-phase extraction","volume":"15","author":"Honda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Chem"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020742","article-title":"Associations of maternal stress, prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and demographic risk factors with birth outcomes and offspring neurodevelopment: an overview of the ECHO.CA.IL prospective birth cohorts","volume":"18","author":"Eick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B28","first-page":"1","article-title":"mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"van Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Soft"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47004","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5838","article-title":"A quantile-based g-computation approach to addressing the effects of exposure mixtures","volume":"128","author":"Keil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.04.010","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl substances and glycemic status in pregnant Danish women: the Odense Child Cohort","volume":"116","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B31","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\n          . Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals, updated tables, January 2019. Accessed 6 June 2025. Available from https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/75822"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14088","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-31605-2","article-title":"Associations of legacy perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, alternatives, and isomers with gestational diabetes mellitus and glucose homeostasis among women conceiving through assisted reproduction in Shanghai, China","volume":"31","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121504","article-title":"Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in early pregnancy, risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, potential pathways, and influencing factors in pregnant women: a nested case-control study","volume":"326","author":"Zang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117316","article-title":"Gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes mellitus after high exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances from drinking water in Ronneby, Sweden","volume":"239","author":"Ebel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11029","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11029","article-title":"Perfluorooctanoic acid exposure for 28 days affects glucose homeostasis and induces insulin hypersensitivity in mice","volume":"5","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx332","article-title":"Early-pregnancy plasma concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances and birth outcomes in Project Viva: confounded by pregnancy hemodynamics?","volume":"187","author":"Sagiv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.2337\/cd16-0031","article-title":"Effects of implementing International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups gestational diabetes screening on pregnancy outcomes at a small community teaching hospital","volume":"35","author":"Gerome","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.05.009","article-title":"One-step or 2-step testing for gestational diabetes: which is better?","volume":"225","author":"Coustan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B39","volume-title":"Guidance on PFAS Exposure, Testing, and Clinical Follow-Up.","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026061812462641400_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108033","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in United States tapwater: comparison of underserved private-well and public-supply exposures and associated health implications","volume":"178","author":"Smalling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Int"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/49\/5\/852\/860580\/dc251340.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/49\/5\/852\/860580\/dc251340.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T16:46:40Z","timestamp":1781801200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/49\/5\/852\/164639\/Per-and-Polyfluoroalkyl-Substances-During"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc25-1340","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]}}}