{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T19:51:37Z","timestamp":1781725897447,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia","award":["1002663"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1002663"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004752","name":"State Government of Victoria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Operational Infrastructure Support Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Operational Infrastructure Support Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["APP1173952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1173952"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["APP2016668"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP2016668"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001067","name":"Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4-SRA-2022-1246-M-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4-SRA-2022-1246-M-N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001067","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100025520","name":"Medical Research Future Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RARUR000103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RARUR000103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100025520","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence that the calcium channel blocker (CCB) verapamil slows type 1 diabetes progression suggests possible preventive benefits among people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. We compared type 2 diabetes incidence between users of verapamil versus other CCBs in a population-based cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From a random sample of Australians in national subsidized health care databases, we identified 90,026 individuals who initiated treatment with a CCB (at least two supplies) between July 2003 and December 2014. Incident diabetes was captured by subsequent receipt of glucose-lowering treatment or registration with the National Diabetes Services Scheme. Individuals were followed from first CCB supply until discontinuation, diabetes onset, death, or end of 2014. Multistate Poisson regression models characterized associations of CCB subclass with type 2 diabetes incidence and death (the competing event), after multivariable propensity score adjustment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cohort comprised 4,485 verapamil users (5.0%) and 85,541 treated with other CCBs (mostly dihydropyridines). During a median 1.6-year follow-up, 101 individuals treated with verapamil developed type 2 diabetes (8.8 per 1,000 person-years) compared with 2,622 people treated with other CCBs (11.4 per 1,000 person-years). This translated to an incidence rate ratio of 0.77 (95% CI 0.63\u20130.94) in favor of verapamil (fully adjusted) and a lower probability of type 2 diabetes at 6 years (4.2% [95% CI 3.3\u20135.3] vs. 5.4% [4.7\u20136.3] for a typical clinical profile; absolute risk difference 1.3% [95% CI \u20130.1\u20132.4]). Results were robust across multiple sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Verapamil use is associated with a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes compared with other CCBs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-1440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T18:15:01Z","timestamp":1761848101000},"page":"2111-2118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes With Verapamil Compared With Other Calcium Channel Blockers"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1315-3463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian W.","family":"Sacre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Diabetes and Epidemiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute 1 ; Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Wentworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Melbourne Hospital 2 , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"St Vincent\u2019s Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3 , Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianna J.","family":"Magliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes and Population Health, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute 4 ; Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University 5 ; Melbourne Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan E.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Diabetes and Epidemiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute 1 ; Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061714572256700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.2337\/db23-0256","article-title":"Verapamil prevents decline of IGF-I in subjects with type 1 diabetes and promotes \u03b2-cell IGF-I signaling","volume":"72","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026061714572256700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0955","article-title":"Preventing \u03b2-cell loss and diabetes with calcium channel blockers","volume":"61","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026061714572256700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28826-3","article-title":"Exploratory study reveals far reaching systemic and cellular effects of verapamil treatment in subjects with type 1 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026061714572256700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.15386\/mpr-2187","article-title":"TXNIP inhibition in the treatment of diabetes. Verapamil as a novel therapeutic modality in diabetic patients","volume":"95","author":"Borowiec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Pharm Rep"},{"key":"2026061714572256700_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.2064","article-title":"Effect of verapamil on pancreatic beta cell function in newly diagnosed pediatric type 1 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"329","author":"Forlenza","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026061714572256700_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0089-4","article-title":"Verapamil and beta cell function in adults with recent-onset type 1 diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Ovalle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026061714572256700_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e091597","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-091597","article-title":"Investigating the effect of verapamil on preservation of beta-cell function in adults with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus (Ver-A-T1D): protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre trial","volume":"14","author":"Wych","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026061714572256700_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dayan C; Cardiff University. Randomised, open-label international trial with verapamil alone compared with verapamil plus another immunotherapy for people with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, 2025. The ISRCTN Registry. Accessed June 2025. 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