{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:55:13Z","timestamp":1781798113294,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Breakthrough T1D"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DK121843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK121843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK061010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK061010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK061034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK061034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK061042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK061042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK061058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK061058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK085453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK085453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK085461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK085461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK085465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK085465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK085466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK085466"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK085476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK085476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK085499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK085499"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK085504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK085504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK085509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK085509"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK103153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK103153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK103180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK103180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK103266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK103266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK103282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK103282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK106984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK106984"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK106993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK106993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK106994"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK106994"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK107013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK107013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK107014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK107014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UC4 DK117009-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UC4 DK117009-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The TrialNet Oral Insulin Prevention Trial TN07 tested oral insulin to prevent stage 3 type 1 diabetes (T1D) in 560 relatives with stage 1 T1D of individuals with T1D. Of the three predefined risk strata, participants in secondary stratum 1 (SS1) (n = 55), characterized by low first-phase insulin release, responded significantly better to oral insulin. We aimed to identify genetic factors associated with treatment response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The TEDDY-T1DExomeChip was used to genotype 552 participants with available DNA. Cox models examined associations between response to oral insulin and HLA haplotypes, 33 preselected T1D-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms, T1D genetic risk score 2 (GRS2), and type 2 diabetes (T2D)\u2013associated polygenic scores. For primary analyses, P values were Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) corrected for multiple comparisons; results not passing correction were considered nominal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GLIS3 rs7020673 was significantly associated with response to oral insulin in SS1 (BH-corrected P = 0.031 without and P = 0.022 with covariate adjustment). Additional nominal associations included better response with HLA-DRB1*04:01-DQA1*03:01-DQB1*03:02 (hazard ratio [HR] 0.22 vs. 1.09; unadjusted P = 0.031; adjusted P = 0.045) in SS1 and worse responses with TNFAIP3 and CTLA4 in at least one stratum. In exploratory analyses, participants with T1D-GRS2 &amp;gt;12.5 responded better to oral insulin (HR 0.68) than those with T1D-GRS2 \u226412.5 (HR 2.10; unadjusted P = 0.003; adjusted P = 0.006) in the overall cohort, and lower proinsulin- and obesity-partitioned T2D polygenic scores were associated with greater treatment benefit in SS1 and in another secondary stratum, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genetic differences distinguish responders from nonresponders to oral insulin for T1D prevention. Genetics may enable precision medicine by identifying individuals likely to benefit from T1D-modifying therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-2006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T16:31:06Z","timestamp":1765297866000},"page":"344-351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic Predictors of Response to Oral Insulin for Type 1 Diabetes Prevention"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"You","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida 1 , Tampa, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemang M.","family":"Parikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida 1 , Tampa, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor M.","family":"Triolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus 2 , Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauric A.","family":"Ferrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School 3 , Exter, U.K."},{"name":"University of Geneva 4 , Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin L.","family":"Templeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School 3 , Exter, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Oram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School 3 , Exter, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Gottlieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus 2 , Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen S.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Virginia 5 , Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suna","family":"Onengut-Gumuscu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Virginia 5 , Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea K.","family":"Steck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus 2 , Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Krischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida 1 , Tampa, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5871-4645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria J.","family":"Redondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital 6 , Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061811370832900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.17070","article-title":"Effect of oral insulin on prevention of diabetes in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"318","author":"Krischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000489","article-title":"New insights on the genetics of type 1 diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Oram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.381","article-title":"Genome-wide association study and meta-analysis find that over 40 loci affect risk of type 1 diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Barrett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1497","article-title":"Role of type 1 diabetes-associated SNPs on risk of autoantibody positivity in the TEDDY study","volume":"64","author":"T\u00f6rn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B5","article-title":"Genetic risk and transition through preclinical stages of type 1 diabetes","author":"Steck","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12092","article-title":"Improving prediction of type 1 diabetes by testing non-HLA genetic variants in addition to HLA markers","volume":"15","author":"Steck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03205-y","article-title":"Sequencing of 53,831 diverse genomes from the NHLBI TOPMed Program","volume":"590","author":"Taliun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3656","article-title":"Next-generation genotype imputation service and methods","volume":"48","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-0142","article-title":"Standardized measurement of type 1 diabetes polygenic risk across multiancestry population cohorts","volume":"48","author":"Luckett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00935-7","article-title":"A high-resolution HLA reference panel capturing global population diversity enables multi-ancestry fine-mapping in HIV host response","volume":"53","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-022-01074-2","article-title":"Development and validation of a trans-ancestry polygenic risk score for type 2 diabetes in diverse populations","volume":"14","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1395","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes partitioned polygenic scores associate with disease outcomes in 454,193 individuals across 13 cohorts","volume":"45","author":"DiCorpo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x","article-title":"Regression models and life-tables","volume":"34","author":"Cox","year":"1972","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc B (Method)"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2021.06.002","article-title":"Adjusted survival curves improve understanding of multivariable cox model results","volume":"36","author":"Lundgreen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1331","article-title":"HLA DR-DQ haplotypes and genotypes and type 1 diabetes risk: analysis of the type 1 diabetes genetics consortium families","volume":"57","author":"Erlich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02865-3","article-title":"Multi-ancestry polygenic mechanisms of type 2 diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-0573","article-title":"Oral insulin delay of stage 3 type 1 diabetes revisited in HLA DR4-DQ8 participants in the TrialNet Oral Insulin Prevention Trial (TN07)","volume":"47","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.5.1068","article-title":"Effects of oral insulin in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes: the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1","volume":"28","author":"Skyler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.40.9.1146","article-title":"HLA-associated insulin autoantibody formation in newly diagnosed type I diabetic patients","volume":"40","author":"Ziegler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1902226","article-title":"An Anti-CD3 antibody, teplizumab, in relatives at risk for type 1 diabetes","volume":"381","author":"Herold","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00853-0","article-title":"Heterogeneity and endotypes in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Redondo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2008.99","article-title":"Analysis of 17 autoimmune disease-associated variants in type 1 diabetes identifies 6q23\/TNFAIP3 as a susceptibility locus","volume":"10","author":"Fung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.01.006","article-title":"Predicting progression to diabetes in islet autoantibody positive children","volume":"90","author":"Steck","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3239","article-title":"The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Pardoll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/5.7.1075","article-title":"The CTLA-4 gene region of chromosome 2q33 is linked to, and associated with, type 1 diabetes. Belgian Diabetes Registry","volume":"5","author":"Nistic\u00f2","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi165","article-title":"CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus: a HuGE review and meta-analysis","volume":"162","author":"Kavvoura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363655","article-title":"CTLA-4 in autoimmune diseases-a general susceptibility gene to autoimmunity?","volume":"1","author":"Kristiansen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0087","article-title":"A type 1 diabetes genetic risk score predicts progression of islet autoimmunity and development of type 1 diabetes in individuals at risk","volume":"41","author":"Redondo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0930-4","article-title":"A combined risk score enhances prediction of type 1 diabetes among susceptible children","volume":"26","author":"Ferrat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002654","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002654","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes genetic loci informed by multi-trait associations point to disease mechanisms and subtypes: a soft clustering analysis","volume":"15","author":"Udler","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-0033-2","article-title":"The 'accelerator hypothesis': relationship between weight, height, body mass index and age at diagnosis in a large cohort of 9,248 German and Austrian children with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"48","author":"Knerr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29932-y","article-title":"Childhood body size directly increases type 1 diabetes risk based on a lifecourse Mendelian randomization approach","volume":"13","author":"Richardson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4596","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01490","article-title":"The role of age and excess body mass index in progression to type 1 diabetes in at-risk adults","volume":"102","author":"Ferrara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2331","article-title":"Excess BMI in childhood: a modifiable risk factor for type 1 diabetes development?","volume":"40","author":"Ferrara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0861","article-title":"Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene polymorphism and progression from single to multiple autoantibody positivity in individuals at risk for type 1 diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Redondo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2021.100089","article-title":"Proinsulin:C-peptide ratio trajectories over time in relatives at increased risk of progression to type 1 diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Triolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transl Autoimmun"},{"key":"2026061811370832900_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19159","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R109.009936","article-title":"Proinsulin and the genetics of diabetes mellitus","volume":"284","author":"Weiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/49\/2\/344\/850158\/dc252006.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/49\/2\/344\/850158\/dc252006.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:37:18Z","timestamp":1781797038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/49\/2\/344\/164009\/Genetic-Predictors-of-Response-to-Oral-Insulin-for"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc25-2006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]}}}