{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T22:24:26Z","timestamp":1783981466010,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000291","name":"Kidney Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/R007764\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R007764\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000291","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Mexican Health Ministry"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MC_UU_00017\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00017\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MR\/Z504543\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/Z504543\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023699","name":"Health Data Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000769","name":"University of Oxford","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009857","name":"Regeneron","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009857","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Council of Science and Technology for Mexico"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wellcome","award":["058299\/Z\/99"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["058299\/Z\/99"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RE\/13\/1\/30181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RE\/13\/1\/30181"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Mexican population experiences a notably high prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and high T2D-associated disease risks. We used targeted plasma nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics data within a Mendelian randomization framework to characterize the metabolomic profile of genetically predicted liability to T2D in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 1998 and 2004, 50,000 men and 100,000 women aged \u226535 years were recruited from Mexico City. Mendelian randomization analyses used a genetic risk score (GRS) comprising 1,055 established T2D-associated risk variants and eight pathway-specific T2D GRSs constructed from nonoverlapping subsets of these variants to estimate associations with 143 metabolic biomarkers (including lipids, lipoproteins, fatty acids, amino acids, ketone bodies, and other low-molecular-weight biomarkers).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 125,587 included participants, the T2D GRS explained 6.0% of T2D liability and was not associated with major potential confounders of the relationships of T2D with the circulating metabolome. Genetically predicted liability to T2D was strongly positively associated with concentrations of VLDL particles and lipids within these, with triglycerides, branched-chain amino acids, and glycoprotein acetyls, and more modestly positively associated with intermediate-density lipoprotein and LDL, particularly small LDL, particles. Inverse associations were found with relative concentrations of several fatty acids. Pathway-specific T2D GRSs all associated with higher T2D risk but showed differential relationships with circulating metabolic biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>T2D is associated with widespread changes in the circulating metabolome among adults in Mexico, reflecting diverse biological mechanisms and highlighting the importance of effective T2D management, including control of T2D-associated dyslipidemia, in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-2933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T15:05:42Z","timestamp":1774623942000},"page":"826-834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Metabolomic Profile of Genetic Liability to Type 2 Diabetes Among 125,000 Mexican Adults: A Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9181-6886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona","family":"Bragg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford 1 , Oxford, U.K."},{"name":"Health Data Research UK Oxford, University of Oxford 2 , Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus","family":"Alegre-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Unit from the Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico 3 , Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirini","family":"Trichia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford 1 , Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford 1 , Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Baca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Unit from the Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico 3 , Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Garcilazo-\u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Unit from the Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico 3 , Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Carballo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Unit from the Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico 3 , Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Ramirez-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Unit from the Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico 3 , Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Unit from the Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico 3 , Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Aguilar-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford 1 , Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louisa","family":"Gnatiuc Friedrichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford 1 , Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William G.","family":"Herrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford 1 , Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford 1 , Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tabitha","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford 1 , Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Vergara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford 1 , Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Wade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford 1 , Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rory","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford 1 , Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Peto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford 1 , Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Berumen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Research Unit from the Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico 3 , Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Kuri-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey 4 , Monterrey, Mexico"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico 5 , Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3814-2904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Tapia-Conyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico 5 , Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7792-9422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Emberson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford 1 , Oxford, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061812470380000_B1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation\n          . IDF Diabetes Atlas, 11th edition.Brussels, Belgium, International Diabetes Federation, 2025. Accessed 11 March 2026. Available from https:\/\/www.diabetesatlas.org"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1605368","article-title":"Diabetes and cause-specific mortality in Mexico City","volume":"375","author":"Alegre-D\u00edaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.19720","article-title":"Association between diabetes and cause-specific mortality in rural and urban areas of China","volume":"317","author":"Bragg","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1008862","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of cause-specific death","volume":"364","author":"Rao Kondapally Seshasai","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B5","first-page":"e14809","article-title":"Contemporary impact of diabetes on chronic diseases: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 3 million UK adults","volume":"39","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B6","first-page":"101082","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and cause-specific mortality in Mexico City: a Mendelian randomisation analysis","volume":"45","author":"Bragg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0224","article-title":"Genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes and risk of subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases among 160,000 Chinese adults","volume":"68","author":"Gan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab203","article-title":"Trans-ethnic Mendelian-randomization study reveals causal relationships between cardiometabolic factors and chronic kidney disease","volume":"50","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2251","article-title":"Metabolomics in prediabetes and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Guasch-Ferr\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dgz240","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz240","article-title":"Metabolomics signatures in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and integrative analysis","volume":"105","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1011346","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011346","article-title":"Disentangling the consequences of type 2 diabetes on targeted metabolite profiles using causal inference and interaction QTL analyses","volume":"20","author":"Bocher","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104503","article-title":"Distinct metabolic features of genetic liability to type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease: a reverse Mendelian randomization study","volume":"90","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-05977-1","article-title":"A two-sample Mendelian randomization study explores metabolic profiling of different glycemic traits","volume":"7","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl042","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Mexico City Prospective Study","volume":"35","author":"Tapia-Conyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-9033","article-title":"International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes","volume":"32","author":"International Expert Committee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06595-3","article-title":"Genotyping, sequencing and analysis of 140,000 adults from Mexico City","volume":"622","author":"Ziyatdinov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07019-6","article-title":"Genetic drivers of heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology","volume":"627","author":"Suzuki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18236","article-title":"Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology using mendelian randomization: the STROBE-MR statement","volume":"326","author":"Skrivankova","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/78.3.691","article-title":"A note on a general definition of the coefficient of determination","volume":"78","author":"Nagelkerke","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280215597579","article-title":"A review of instrumental variable estimators for Mendelian randomization","volume":"26","author":"Burgess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu283","article-title":"Multivariable Mendelian randomization: the use of pleiotropic genetic variants to estimate causal effects","volume":"181","author":"Burgess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","article-title":"Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases","volume":"50","author":"Verbanck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","article-title":"Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator","volume":"40","author":"Bowden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","article-title":"Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression","volume":"44","author":"Bowden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102953","article-title":"New creatinine- and cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR without race","volume":"385","author":"Inker","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dyaf110","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaf110","article-title":"A Mendelian randomization study of the effect of body mass index on 52 causes of death among 125\u200a000 Mexican adults with admixed ancestry","volume":"54","author":"Gnatiuc Friedrichs","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.160192","article-title":"Overproduction of very low-density lipoproteins is the hallmark of the dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Adiels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61350-5","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials","volume":"376","author":"Baigent","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.01.036","article-title":"A century of cholesterol and coronaries: from plaques to genes to statins","volume":"161","author":"Goldstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.20045","article-title":"Association of triglyceride-lowering LPL variants and LDL-C-lowering LDLR variants with risk of coronary heart disease","volume":"321","author":"Ference","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-2348","article-title":"Early metabolic features of genetic liability to type 2 diabetes: cohort study with repeated metabolomics across early life","volume":"43","author":"Bell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4222-6","article-title":"Genetic evidence of a causal effect of insulin resistance on branched-chain amino acid levels","volume":"60","author":"Mahendran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64927-5","article-title":"The effect of type 2 diabetes genetic predisposition on non-cardiovascular comorbidities","volume":"16","author":"Arruda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx206","article-title":"Collider scope: when selection bias can substantially influence observed associations","volume":"47","author":"Munaf\u00f2","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0218549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218549","article-title":"Assessment of reproducibility and biological variability of fasting and postprandial plasma metabolite concentrations using 1H NMR spectroscopy","volume":"14","author":"Li-Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab208","article-title":"Interpreting Mendelian-randomization estimates of the effects of categorical exposures such as disease status and educational attainment","volume":"51","author":"Howe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026061812470380000_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5146","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae746","article-title":"Diabetes and obesity: leveraging heterogeneity for precision medicine","volume":"45","author":"Franks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/49\/5\/826\/860630\/dc252933.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/49\/5\/826\/860630\/dc252933.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T16:47:17Z","timestamp":1781801237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/49\/5\/826\/164637\/Metabolomic-Profile-of-Genetic-Liability-to-Type-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc25-2933","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]}}}