{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:06:04Z","timestamp":1790017564809,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Institutes for Health Research","award":["PII-175363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PII-175363"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes for Health Research","award":["PJT-183627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-183627"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted this First Nations\u2013engaged and \u2013co-led project to determine the incidence of diabetes in the children of mothers with preexisting diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus, and no diabetes\u00a0and to evaluate whether periconception glycemic control was associated with the risk of diabetes in the children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a longitudinal population-based study using health care administrative data that included all children of mothers aged 12\u201349 years born between April 1994 and March 2016. The exposure of interest was maternal diabetes status, and we examined both First Nations and non\u2013First Nations mothers. Children were followed for incident diabetes. Among women with preexisting diabetes, periconception HbA1c was evaluated as a predictor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 2,851,583 children followed to a median age of 16 years (interquartile range 11\u201322). Among children of non\u2013First Nations mothers, the adjusted hazard ratios for incident diabetes were 5.18 (95% CI 4.82\u20135.57) with maternal preexisting diabetes and 1.75 (1.65\u20131.84) with gestational diabetes mellitus. Among children of First Nations mothers, hazard ratios were 7.68 (5.91\u20139.98) and 2.59 (2.07\u20133.24), respectively. The hazard ratio for incident diabetes in children of mothers with preexisting diabetes was 0.89 (0.80\u20130.995, P = 0.04) for each 1% (11 mmol\/mol) decrease in periconception HbA1c.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to either\u00a0preexisting diabetes or\u00a0gestational diabetes mellitus in utero was associated with an increased incidence of diabetes in children and young adults, with a stronger association among First Nations people. Better periconception glycemic control was\u00a0associated with decreased diabetes incidence in children of mothers with preexisting diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc26-0710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T17:29:21Z","timestamp":1785518961000},"page":"1821-1827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Utero Exposure to Preexisting or Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Increases Incidence of Diabetes in the Children of First Nations and Non\u2013First Nations Mothers: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3598-3628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baiju R.","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICES 1 , Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toronto 2 , Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre 3 , Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomi","family":"Odugbemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICES 1 , Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICES 1 , Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cal","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiefs of Ontario 4 , Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICES 1 , Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Queen\u2019s University 5 , Kingston, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Northern Ontario School of Medicine University 6 , Sudbury, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen R.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chiefs of Ontario 4 , Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer D.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICES 1 , Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University 7 , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandy","family":"Wicklow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba 8 , Winnipeg, Manitoba, 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