{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:05:41Z","timestamp":1792465541732,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The discovery that HbA1c was a valid and reliable measure of average glucose exposure was one of the most important advances in diabetes care. HbA1c was rapidly adopted for monitoring glucose control and is now recommended for the diagnosis of diabetes. HbA1c has several advantages over glucose. Glucose assessment requires fasting, has poor preanalytic stability, and is not standardized; concentrations are acutely altered by a number of factors; and measurement can vary depending on sample type (e.g., plasma or whole blood) and source (e.g., capillary, venous, interstitial). HbA1c does not require fasting, reflects chronic exposure to glucose over the past 2\u20133 months, and has low within-person variability, and assays are well standardized. One reason HbA1c is widely accepted as a prognostic and diagnostic biomarker is that epidemiologic studies have demonstrated robust links between HbA1c and complications, with stronger associations than those observed for usual measures of glucose. Clinical trials have also demonstrated that lowering HbA1c slows or prevents the development of microvascular disease. As with all laboratory tests, there are some clinical situations in which HbA1c is unreliable (e.g., certain hemoglobin variants, alterations in red blood cell turnover). Recent studies demonstrate that fructosamine and glycated albumin may be substituted as measures of hyperglycemia in these settings. Other approaches to monitoring glucose have recently been introduced, including continuous glucose monitoring, although this technology relies on interstitial glucose and epidemiologic evidence supporting its routine use has not yet been established for most clinical settings. In summary, a large body of epidemiologic evidence has convincingly established HbA1c as a cornerstone of modern diabetes care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/dci21-0035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T13:27:47Z","timestamp":1632230867000},"page":"2197-2204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Hemoglobin A1c\u2014Using Epidemiology to Guide Medical Practice: Kelly West Award Lecture 2020"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6923-7151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Selvin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD"},{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD"},{"name":"The Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031309360819100_B1","first-page":"1169","article-title":"The presymptomatic diagnosis of diabetes","volume":"59","author":"Keen","year":"1966","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1966.03870080031006","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of diabetes. A reappraisal","volume":"117","author":"West","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)91470-4","article-title":"Blood-sugar and arterial disease","volume":"2","author":"Keen","year":"1965","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.29.7.501","article-title":"A detailed study of risk factors for retinopathy and nephropathy in diabetes","volume":"29","author":"West","year":"1980","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.287.6396.867","article-title":"Mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke in relation to degree of glycaemia: the Whitehall study","volume":"287","author":"Fuller","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.28.12.1039","article-title":"Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance","volume":"28","author":"National Diabetes Data Group","year":"1979","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.7.1183","article-title":"Report of The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"20","author":"The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00872a002","article-title":"A new N-terminal blocking group involving a Schiff base in hemoglobin AIc","volume":"5","author":"Holmquist","year":"1966","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(68)90372-0","article-title":"An abnormal hemoglobin in red cells of diabetics","volume":"22","author":"Rahbar","year":"1968","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197608192950804","article-title":"Correlation of glucose regulation and hemoglobin AIc in diabetes mellitus","volume":"295","author":"Koenig","year":"1976","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6940.1323","article-title":"Comparison of tests for glycated haemoglobin and fasting and two hour plasma glucose concentrations as diagnostic methods for diabetes","volume":"308","author":"McCance","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.13.1203","article-title":"Relationship between fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin: potential for false-positive diagnoses of type 2 diabetes using new diagnostic criteria","volume":"281","author":"Davidson","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-6-200409210-00007","article-title":"Meta-analysis: glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus","volume":"141","author":"Selvin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-9033","article-title":"International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes","volume":"32","author":"The International Expert Committee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291401","article-title":"The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"329","author":"Nathan","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07019-6","article-title":"Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33)","volume":"352","author":"UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B17","first-page":"163","article-title":"HbA1c standardisation: history, science and politics","volume":"28","author":"John","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Biochem Rev"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.14.1545","article-title":"Short-term variability in measures of glycemia and implications for the classification of diabetes","volume":"167","author":"Selvin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7277.15","article-title":"Glycated haemoglobin, diabetes, and mortality in men in Norfolk cohort of european prospective investigation of cancer and nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk)","volume":"322","author":"Khaw","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e015949","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-015949","article-title":"Glycated haemoglobin A1c as a risk factor of cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality in diabetic and non-diabetic populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Cavero-Redondo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1198","article-title":"Glycated hemoglobin and the risk of kidney disease and retinopathy in adults with and without diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Selvin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908359","article-title":"Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults","volume":"362","author":"Selvin","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-S002","article-title":"2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142019","volume":"42","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0091","article-title":"Prognostic implications of single-sample confirmatory testing for undiagnosed diabetes: a prospective cohort study","volume":"169","author":"Selvin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200265","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0265","article-title":"Screening and diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes in us children and adolescents","volume":"146","author":"Wallace","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.094466","article-title":"Glucose: a simple molecule that is not simple to quantify","volume":"53","author":"Gambino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1689","article-title":"Diagnosing diabetes with glucose criteria: worshiping a false God","volume":"34","author":"Davidson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1546","article-title":"A1C versus glucose testing: a comparison","volume":"34","author":"Sacks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.036673","article-title":"Global epidemiology of haemoglobin disorders and derived service indicators","volume":"86","author":"Modell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a011692","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a011692","article-title":"World distribution, population genetics, and health burden of the hemoglobinopathies","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.15063","article-title":"Association of sickle cell trait with chronic kidney disease and albuminuria in African Americans","volume":"312","author":"Naik","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V48.5.629.629","article-title":"Abnormal hemoglobins in a quarter million people","volume":"48","author":"Schneider","year":"1976","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0042","article-title":"Are there clinical implications of racial differences in HbA1c? A difference, to be a difference, must make a difference","volume":"39","author":"Selvin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.8.1326","article-title":"Distribution of HbA1c levels for children and young adults in the U.S.: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"25","author":"Saaddine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-154-5-201103010-00004","article-title":"Racial differences in glycemic markers: a cross-sectional analysis of community-based data","volume":"154","author":"Selvin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2412","article-title":"HbA1c and the risks for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general Japanese population: NIPPON DATA90","volume":"36","author":"Sakurai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802743","article-title":"Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes","volume":"358","author":"Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.17.2253","article-title":"Incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in African American and white adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study","volume":"283","author":"Brancati","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.19546","article-title":"Association of modifiable risk factors in young adulthood with racial disparity in incident type 2 diabetes during middle adulthood","volume":"318","author":"Bancks","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0545","article-title":"Translating the A1C assay into estimated average glucose values","volume":"31","author":"Nathan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-1231","article-title":"Variability in the relationship of hemoglobin a1c and average glucose concentrations: how much does race matter?","volume":"167","author":"Selvin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B42","unstructured":"Jun\u2008G, Sedlazeck\u2008FJ, Chen\u2008H, et al. Identification of novel structural variations affecting common and complex disease risks with &gt;16,000 whole genome sequences from ARIC and HCHS\/SOL. Presented at the 68th Annual Meeting of The American Society of Human Genetics, 16\u201320 October 2018 (abstract\/poster 3186w). Accessed 5 August 2021. Available from https:\/\/www.ashg.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/2018-poster-abstracts.pdf"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2019.08.010","article-title":"Impact of rare and common genetic variants on diabetes diagnosis by hemoglobin A1c in multi-ancestry cohorts: the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine program","volume":"105","author":"Sarnowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-014-0548-3","article-title":"Beyond HbA1c and glucose: the role of nontraditional glycemic markers in diabetes diagnosis, prognosis, and management","volume":"14","author":"Parrinello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/33.12.2153","article-title":"Fructosamine: structure, analysis, and clinical usefulness","volume":"33","author":"Armbruster","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70199-2","article-title":"Fructosamine and glycated albumin for risk stratification and prediction of incident diabetes and microvascular complications: a prospective cohort analysis of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study","volume":"2","author":"Selvin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.015415","article-title":"Fructosamine and glycated albumin and the risk of cardiovascular outcomes and death","volume":"132","author":"Selvin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2017.285742","article-title":"Establishment of community-based reference intervals for fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol","volume":"64","author":"Selvin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1896","article-title":"Serum fructosamine and glycated albumin and risk of mortality and clinical outcomes in hemodialysis patients","volume":"36","author":"Shafi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0787","article-title":"Alternative markers of hyperglycemia and risk of diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Juraschek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2012.188367","article-title":"Associations of alternative markers of glycemia with hemoglobin A(1c) and fasting glucose","volume":"58","author":"Juraschek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S106","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.2007.S106","article-title":"Tests of glycemia in diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Goldstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-1272","article-title":"Identifying trends in undiagnosed diabetes in u.S. Adults by using a confirmatory definition: a cross-sectional study","volume":"167","author":"Selvin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-2411","article-title":"Trends in prevalence and control of diabetes in the United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2010","volume":"160","author":"Selvin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa2032271","article-title":"Trends in diabetes treatment and control in U.S. adults 1999-2018","volume":"384","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296818785612","article-title":"Evaluation of four hba1c point-of-care devices using international quality targets: are they fit for the purpose?","volume":"12","author":"Lenters-Westra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6928","article-title":"Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on hypoglycemia in older adults with type 1 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"323","author":"Pratley","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805017","article-title":"Continuous glucose monitoring and intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes","volume":"359","author":"Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-S007","article-title":"7. Diabetes technology: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142021","volume":"44","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2009.0002","article-title":"A tale of two compartments: interstitial versus blood glucose monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Cengiz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01644-2","article-title":"Non-invasive and minimally invasive glucose monitoring devices: a systematic review and meta-analysis on diagnostic accuracy of hypoglycaemia detection","volume":"10","author":"Lindner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B62","unstructured":"FDA executive summary: Dexcom G5 Mobile Continuous Glucose Monitoring System, 2016. Accessed 5 August 2021. Available from https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/98967\/download"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B63","unstructured":"FDA summary of safety and effectiveness data: Freestyle Libre 14 Day Flash Glucose Monitoring System, 2018. Accessed 5 August 2021. Available from https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/cdrh_docs\/pdf16\/P160030S017B.pdf"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0882","article-title":"Real-time continuous glucose monitoring during a hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp significantly underestimates the degree of hypoglycemia","volume":"43","author":"Farrell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B65","article-title":"Choice of continuous glucose monitoring systems may affect metrics: clinically relevant differences in times in ranges","author":"Freckmann","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa198","article-title":"Imprecision nutrition? Different simultaneous continuous glucose monitors provide discordant meal rankings for incremental postprandial glucose in subjects without diabetes","volume":"112","author":"Howard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2019.0449","article-title":"A three-way accuracy comparison of the dexcom g5, abbott freestyle libre pro, and senseonics eversense continuous glucose monitoring devices in a home-use study of subjects with type 1 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Jafri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"2022031309360819100_B68","volume-title":"Epidemiology of Diabetes and Its Vascular Lesions","author":"West","year":"1978"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/44\/10\/2197\/632228\/dci210035.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/44\/10\/2197\/632228\/dci210035.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T06:48:26Z","timestamp":1647154106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/44\/10\/2197\/138554\/Hemoglobin-A1c-Using-Epidemiology-to-Guide-Medical"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dci21-0035","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]}}}