{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:53:46Z","timestamp":1792518826592,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":519,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH Intramural Research Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Numerous laboratory tests are used in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. The quality of the scientific evidence supporting the use of these assays varies substantially.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>APPROACH<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An expert committee compiled evidence-based recommendations for laboratory analysis in screening, diagnosis, or monitoring of diabetes. The overall quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations were evaluated. The draft consensus recommendations were evaluated by invited reviewers and presented for public comment. Suggestions were incorporated as deemed appropriate by the authors (see Acknowledgments). The guidelines were reviewed by the Evidence Based Laboratory Medicine Committee and the Board of Directors of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry and by the Professional Practice Committee of the American Diabetes Association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONTENT<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetes can be diagnosed by demonstrating increased concentrations of glucose in venous plasma or increased hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in the blood. Glycemic control is monitored by the people with diabetes measuring their own blood glucose with meters and\/or with continuous interstitial glucose monitoring (CGM) devices and also by laboratory analysis of HbA1c. The potential roles of noninvasive glucose monitoring, genetic testing, and measurement of ketones, autoantibodies, urine albumin, insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide are addressed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The guidelines provide specific recommendations based on published data or derived from expert consensus. Several analytes are found to have minimal clinical value at the present time, and measurement of them is not recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dci23-0036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T13:10:28Z","timestamp":1689858628000},"page":"e151-e199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":340,"title":["Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"David B.","family":"Sacks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1183-1267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George L.","family":"Bakris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Medicine, American Heart Association Comprehensive Hypertension Center, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Bruns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea R.","family":"Horvath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5New South Wales Health Pathology Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1735-0499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c5ke","family":"Lernmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University\/CRC, Skane University Hospital Malm\u00f6, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6503-1962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boyd E.","family":"Metzger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Division of Endocrinology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Nathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5194-9609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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