{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T09:54:13Z","timestamp":1792144453778,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH\/NIA","award":["RF1 AG074044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1 AG074044"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIDDK","award":["R01 DK128837"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK128837"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIDDK","award":["R01 DK128900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK128900"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NHLBI","award":["K24 HL152440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24 HL152440"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NHLBI","award":["R01 HL158022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL158022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Laboratory measurement of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) has, for decades, been the standard approach to monitoring glucose control in people with diabetes. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is a revolutionary technology that can also aid in the monitoring of glucose control. However, there is uncertainty in how best to use CGM technology and its resulting data to improve control of glucose and prevent complications of diabetes. The glucose management indicator, or GMI, is an equation used to estimate HbA1c based on CGM mean glucose. GMI was originally proposed to simplify and aid in the interpretation of CGM data and is now provided on all standard summary reports (i.e., average glucose profiles) produced by different CGM manufacturers. This Perspective demonstrates that GMI performs poorly as an estimate of HbA1c and suggests that GMI is a concept that has outlived its usefulness, and it argues that it is preferable to use CGM mean glucose rather than converting glucose to GMI or an estimate of HbA1c. Leaving mean glucose in its raw form is simple and reinforces that glucose and HbA1c are distinct. To reduce patient and provider confusion and optimize glycemic management, mean CGM glucose, not GMI, should be used as a complement to laboratory HbA1c testing in patients using CGM systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/dci23-0086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T22:18:51Z","timestamp":1706739531000},"page":"906-914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["The Glucose Management Indicator: Time to Change Course?"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6923-7151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Selvin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Epidemiology and the Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD"},{"name":"2Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 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