{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:42:34Z","timestamp":1790916154940,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Upper-limb complications (ULCs) in diabetes, affecting joints, tendons, muscles, connective tissue, nerves, and skin, are underrecognized but prevalent conditions in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Advances in diabetes care have extended life expectancy, leading to an aging population with diabetes with increased susceptibility to long-term complications beyond traditional vascular issues. Despite some data on ULCs epidemiology, understanding of their pathogenesis, prevention, and impact on quality of life remains limited, and treatments are often based on clinical experience rather than robust evidence. ULCs, including frozen shoulder, trigger finger, carpal tunnel syndrome, ulnar nerve entrapment, Dupuytren disease with contracture, and limited joint mobility, occur two to three times more frequently in diabetes, with higher rates in individuals aged&amp;gt;50 years and those with longer diabetes duration. Chronic hyperglycemia, glycation of collagen, and low-grade inflammation are hypothesized contributors. Modifiable risk factors include poor glycemic control, smoking, and obesity. Individuals with diabetes face slower symptom resolution, higher recurrence rates, and a greater likelihood of bilateral or multiple conditions. Awareness among clinicians and patients is critical, with emphasis on routine screening and proactive management. Early diagnosis, patient education, and targeted interventions can mitigate long-term complications and improve quality of life. Future guidelines should integrate ULC monitoring into routine diabetes care and prioritize clinical trials to establish evidence-based management strategies. Addressing ULCs comprehensively will enhance outcomes for individuals with diabetes, ensuring better functional health and reduced societal burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/dci25-0012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T12:05:00Z","timestamp":1750680300000},"page":"1865-1874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Upper-Limb Complications in Diabetes: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2184-9754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara H.","family":"Braffett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University 1 , Rockville, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4406-2396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tore Julsrud","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo 2 , Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital 3 , Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malin","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Helsingborg Hospital 4 , Helsingborg, Sweden"},{"name":"Hand Surgery, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University 5 , Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3638-4005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasper","family":"Olesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital 6 , Herlev, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"Gregersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital 7 , Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University 8 , Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Krogsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Sports Traumatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg 9 , Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen 10 , Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars B.","family":"Dahlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand Surgery, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University 5 , Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital 11 , Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1620-8271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten","family":"N\u00f8rgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital 6 , Herlev, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen 10 , Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061714523631700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15158","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.15158","article-title":"The impact of upper extremity impairments on work and everyday life of people with type 1 diabetes-a nationwide controlled study","volume":"41","author":"Wagner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2017.1397202","article-title":"Upper extremity impairments in type 1 diabetes with long duration; common problems with great impact on daily life","volume":"41","author":"Gutefeldt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01045-8","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders of the hand and shoulder in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"112","author":"Cagliero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2017.06.007","article-title":"Hand, shoulder and back stiffness in long-term type 1 diabetes; cross-sectional association with skin collagen advanced glycation end-products. The Dialong study","volume":"31","author":"Holte","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B5","first-page":"92","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of five most common upper extremity disorders in diabetics","volume":"14","author":"Kiani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Res Health Sci"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2361","article-title":"Musculoskeletal complications in type 1 diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Larkin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0063","article-title":"Upper-extremity impairments in type 1 diabetes: results from a controlled nationwide study","volume":"46","author":"Wagner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109183","article-title":"Neuromuscular dysfunction and exercise training in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a narrative review","volume":"183","author":"Orlando","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2007.05.009","article-title":"Long-term outcome of frozen shoulder","volume":"17","author":"Hand","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-020-00307-w","article-title":"The puzzling pathophysiology of frozen shoulders - a scoping review","volume":"7","author":"Kraal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Orthop"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3879","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa802","article-title":"Collagens in primary frozen shoulder: expression of collagen mRNA isoforms in the different phases of the disease","volume":"60","author":"Marker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.21.01407","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of adhesive capsulitis suggests significant genetic risk factors","volume":"104","author":"Kulm","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009577","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009577","article-title":"A genome-wide association study identifies 5 loci associated with frozen shoulder and implicates diabetes as a causal risk factor","volume":"17","author":"Green","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2022.07.005","article-title":"A shared genetic architecture between adhesive capsulitis and Dupuytren disease","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05229-5","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products are associated with limited range of motion of the shoulder joint in patients with rotator cuff tears associated with diabetes mellitus","volume":"23","author":"Shinohara","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e062377","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062377","article-title":"Diabetes as a risk factor for the onset of frozen shoulder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Dyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.32098\/mltj.01.2016.04","article-title":"Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder and diabetes: a meta-analysis of prevalence","volume":"6","author":"Zreik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Muscles Ligaments Tendons J"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2007.02.133","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms and signs of shoulder problems in people with diabetes mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.01.020","article-title":"Very high prevalence of frozen shoulder in patients with type 1 diabetes of \u226545 years' duration: the Dialong shoulder study","volume":"98","author":"Juel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000803600315","article-title":"Which musculoskeletal complications are most frequently seen in type 2 diabetes mellitus?","volume":"36","author":"Aydeniz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-012-1993-5","article-title":"Treatment of frozen shoulder with subcutaneous TNF-alpha blockade compared with local glucocorticoid injection: a randomised pilot study","volume":"31","author":"Schydlowsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928823","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.928823","article-title":"Electroacupuncture for the treatment of frozen shoulder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Heo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S259228","article-title":"Clostridium histolyticum (AA4500) for the treatment of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: a randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled study for the safety and efficacy of collagenase - single site report","volume":"14","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2021.07.806","article-title":"Exercise therapy is effective for improvement in range of motion, function, and pain in patients with frozen shoulder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Mertens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2004.03.002","article-title":"Gentle thawing of the frozen shoulder: a prospective study of supervised neglect versus intensive physical therapy in seventy-seven patients with frozen shoulder syndrome followed up for two years","volume":"13","author":"Diercks","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381231168799","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided glenohumeral corticosteroid injection for the treatment of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: the role of clinical stage in response to treatment","volume":"16","author":"Ammerman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta24710","article-title":"Surgical treatments compared with early structured physiotherapy in secondary care for adults with primary frozen shoulder: the UK FROST three-arm RCT","volume":"24","author":"Brealey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1111\/os.14077","article-title":"Arthroscopic capsular release versus manipulation under anesthesia for refractory frozen shoulder: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Orthop Surg"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40238","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000040238","article-title":"Does the intervention for adhesive capsulitis in patients with diabetes differ from that for patients without diabetes? A systematic review","volume":"103","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44451-0","article-title":"A genome-wide association meta-analysis implicates Hedgehog and Notch signaling in Dupuytren\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Riesmeijer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02188-x","article-title":"Causal role of high body mass index in multiple chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"19","author":"Larsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-01999-7","article-title":"The worldwide prevalence of the Dupuytren disease: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Salari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002614","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002614","article-title":"Diabetic hand: prevalence and incidence of diabetic hand problems using data from 1.1 million inhabitants in southern Sweden","volume":"10","author":"Rydberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12617","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders of the hand in type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevalence and its associated factors","volume":"19","author":"Mustafa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2007.09.002","article-title":"Hand disorders, hand function, and activities of daily living in elderly men with type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Cederlund","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n1308","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1308","article-title":"Dupuytren\u2019s disease","volume":"373","author":"Karbowiak","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-117","article-title":"Surgical treatment of Dupuytren\u2019s disease - outcome and health economy in relation to smoking and diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Eckerdal","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218810417500356","article-title":"Predictors of outcomes following fasciectomy for Dupuytren\u2019s disease in diabetic and non-diabetic patients","volume":"22","author":"Melamed","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol."},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-9053(88)80024-3","article-title":"A ten years follow-up of the results of surgery for Dupuytren\u2019s disease. A study of fifty-eight cases","volume":"7","author":"Norotte","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Chir Main"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B40","first-page":"27","article-title":"Risk factors in Dupuytren\u2019s diathesis: is recurrence after surgery predictable?","volume":"77","author":"Degreef","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2012.66.329-331","article-title":"Results of surgery treatment of Dupuytren\u2019s contracture in 115 patients","volume":"66","author":"Karabeg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Arch"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01514.x","article-title":"Trigger finger, tendinosis, and intratendinous gene expression","volume":"24","author":"Lundin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.05.015","article-title":"Correlations between clinical presentations of adult trigger digits and histologic aspects of the A1 pulley","volume":"34","author":"Drossos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000006982","article-title":"Genetic risk of trigger finger: results of a genomewide association study","volume":"146","author":"Sood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0829","article-title":"High HbA1c levels are associated with development of trigger finger in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: an observational register-based study from Sweden","volume":"45","author":"Rydberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.06.007","article-title":"The association of hemoglobin A1c with the prevalence of stenosing flexor tenosynovitis","volume":"37","author":"Vance","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002070","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-002070","article-title":"Trigger finger is associated with risk of incident cardiovascular disease in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Mineoka","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B48","first-page":"CD009860","article-title":"Surgery for trigger finger","volume":"2","author":"Fiorini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20170727-02","article-title":"A meta-analysis of corticosteroid injection for trigger digits among patients with diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00230","article-title":"Corticosteroid injection in diabetic patients with trigger finger. A prospective, randomized, controlled double-blinded study","volume":"89","author":"Baumgarten","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009320","article-title":"Symptom duration and diabetic control influence success of steroid injection in trigger finger","volume":"150","author":"Hollins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2018.03.045","article-title":"Management of diabetic trigger finger","volume":"44","author":"Kuczmarski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5037","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000005037","article-title":"Patient experiences after open trigger finger release in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes-a retrospective study using patient-reported outcome measures","volume":"11","author":"Rydberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/15589447231219522","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and outcomes of hand manifestations in patients with diabetes mellitus: a comprehensive literature review","volume":"20","author":"Knoedler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s11552-007-9065-z","article-title":"Treating trigger finger in diabetics using excision of the ulnar slip of the flexor digitorum superficialis with or without A1 pulley release","volume":"2","author":"Marcus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00521-1","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Dahlin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dyad187","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyad187","article-title":"Hyperglycaemia is a causal risk factor for upper limb pathologies","volume":"53","author":"Green","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3271-3","article-title":"Molecular and pathological studies in the posterior interosseous nerve of diabetic and non-diabetic patients with carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Mojaddidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0092-1","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy","volume":"5","author":"Feldman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11030230","article-title":"Differences and similarities in neuropathy in type 1 and 2 diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Sempere-Bigorra","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-1046","article-title":"Risk factors for diabetic peripheral neuropathy and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial\/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT\/EDIC) study","volume":"69","author":"Braffett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S252","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S012","article-title":"12. Retinopathy, neuropathy, and foot care: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142025","volume":"48","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12855","article-title":"Diabetes as a risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Pourmemari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2021.11.025","article-title":"Replication of epidemiological associations of carpal tunnel syndrome in a UK population-based cohort of over 400,000 people","volume":"75","author":"Wiberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061674","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome and diabetes-a comprehensive review","volume":"11","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0275598","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275598","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy as a predictor for peripheral compression neuropathies, a registry-based study","volume":"17","author":"Olsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B67","first-page":"CD010003","article-title":"Splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Karjalainen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kql125","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome and its relation to occupation: a systematic literature review","volume":"57","author":"Palmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Occup Med (Lond)"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.01.012","article-title":"Carpal tunnel release in patients with diabetes: a 5-year follow-up with matched controls","volume":"39","author":"Thomsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14453","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14453","article-title":"Vibrotactile sense 5 years after carpal tunnel release in people with diabetes: a prospective study with matched controls","volume":"38","author":"Thomsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2020.01.003","article-title":"Does diabetes mellitus change the carpal tunnel release outcomes? Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Moradi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.94B6.29174","article-title":"The outcome of carpal tunnel decompression in patients with diabetes mellitus","volume":"94","author":"Jenkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944717743594","article-title":"The association of perioperative glycemic control with postoperative surgical site infection following open carpal tunnel release in patients with diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Werner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2023.05.002","article-title":"Endoscopic versus open carpal tunnel surgery: risk factors and rates of revision surgery","volume":"48","author":"Carroll","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/17531934231196407","article-title":"State of the art review. Complications after carpal tunnel release","volume":"49","author":"Sprangers","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol."},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14050489","article-title":"The unpredictable ulnar nerve-ulnar nerve entrapment from anatomical, pathophysiological, and biopsychosocial aspects","volume":"14","author":"Nyman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001298","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001298","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for compression neuropathy: a longitudinal cohort study from southern Sweden","volume":"8","author":"Rydberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B78","first-page":"CD006839","article-title":"Treatment for ulnar neuropathy at the elbow","volume":"11","author":"Caliandro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15595","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66592-y","article-title":"Presurgical management of ulnar nerve entrapment in patients with and without diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Andersson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2017.07.009","article-title":"Surgical demographics of carpal tunnel syndrome and cubital tunnel syndrome over 5 years at a single institution","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756022","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2022.756022","article-title":"Preoperative electrophysiology in patients with ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow-prediction of surgical outcome and influence of age, sex and diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Anker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Clin Diabetes Healthc"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1177\/15589447211058821","article-title":"Factors associated with severity of cubital tunnel syndrome at presentation","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2021.01.044","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes in 385 cases of ulnar nerve submuscular transposition","volume":"87","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/17531934221143500","article-title":"The effect of diabetes mellitus on the outcome of surgery for cubital tunnel syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Stirling","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol."},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2015.12.012","article-title":"Predicting revision following in situ ulnar nerve decompression for patients with idiopathic cubital tunnel syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Gaspar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.12.015","article-title":"Predictors of surgical revision after in situ decompression of the ulnar nerve","volume":"24","author":"Krogue","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2022.01.003","article-title":"The prevalence, incidence, and progression of radiographic thumb base osteoarthritis in a population-based cohort: the Rotterdam Study","volume":"30","author":"Teunissen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.03.004","article-title":"The prevalence of radiographic thumb base osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"van der Oest","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-022-02176-y","article-title":"Management of hand osteoarthritis: from an US evidence-based medicine guideline to a European patient-centric approach","volume":"34","author":"Fuggle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.O.00029","article-title":"Blood glucose levels following intra-articular steroid injections in patients with diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Choudhry","year":"2016","journal-title":"JBJS Rev"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2019.01.005","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus and osteoarthritis","volume":"49","author":"Veronese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2023.06.014","article-title":"Readmission and reoperation following carpometacarpal arthroplasty","volume":"5","author":"Ling","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Glob Online"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944717744341","article-title":"Risk factors for 30-day complications after thumb CMC joint arthroplasty: an American College of Surgeons National Surgery Quality Improvement Program study","volume":"14","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hand (N Y)"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3776","article-title":"Limited joint mobility in childhood diabetes: discovery, description, and decline","volume":"98","author":"Rosenbloom","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2015.08.002","article-title":"Economic impact of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) on work in Europe","volume":"29","author":"Bevan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-019-0587-5","article-title":"Quality of life is markedly impaired by rheumatological and skin manifestations in patients with type 1 diabetes: a questionnaire survey","volume":"10","author":"N\u00f8rgaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2019.1705924","article-title":"Low health-related quality of life is strongly linked to upper extremity impairments in type 1 diabetes with a long duration","volume":"43","author":"Gutefeldt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.02970.x","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in diabetic patients with carpal tunnel syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Thomsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14331","article-title":"Higher levels of bodily pain in people with long-term type 1 diabetes: associations with quality of life, depressive symptoms, fatigue and glycaemic control - the Dialong study","volume":"37","author":"Molvaer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2026061714523631700_B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0247","article-title":"Trends of diagnosis-specific work disability after newly diagnosed diabetes: a 4-year nationwide prospective cohort study","volume":"38","author":"Virtanen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/48\/11\/1865\/833059\/dci250012.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/48\/11\/1865\/833059\/dci250012.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T18:52:57Z","timestamp":1781722377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/48\/11\/1865\/160657\/Upper-Limb-Complications-in-Diabetes-A-Narrative"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dci25-0012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]}}}