{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T07:07:50Z","timestamp":1768460870905,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The actions of transforming growth factor-\u03b2 isoforms as potent regulators of growth and differentiation have led to the examination of their presence in the human pancreas. The cellular localization of TGF-\u03b21, TGF-\u03b22, and TGF-\u03b23 was assessed in the normal human pancreas by using immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques. Although cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for TGF-\u03b21, TGF-\u03b22, and TGF-\u03b23 was found in islet cells, acinar cells, and ductal cells, a differential immunostaining pattern for TGF-\u03b2 isoforms was observed. In the endocrine pancreas, the islet cells demonstrated diffuse cytoplasmic immunostaining for TGF-\u03b21, TGF-\u03b22, and TGF-\u03b23. However, only TGF-\u03b22 and TGF-\u03b23 exhibited an intense pattern of immunostaining in a few endocrine cells. Most of the positive islet cells coexpressed insulin. In contrast, in the exocrine pancreas, a greater number of acinar cells showed immunoreactivity for TGF-\u03b21 than for TGF-\u03b22 and TGF-\u03b23. In the ductal cells, all three TGF-\u03b2 isoforms showed a similar intensity and pattern of immunostaining and were observed more frequently in the smaller distal ductules than in the larger pancreatic ducts. TGF-\u03b21 and TGF-\u03b23, but not TGF-\u03b22, immunostaining was detected strongly in the smooth muscle cells and weakly in the endothelial cells of the blood vessels, whereas the fibroblasts of the interstitium were completely negative. In situ hybridization revealed that mRNA encoding all three TGF-\u03b2 isoforms colocalized with their respective proteins in islets, acinar cells, and ductal cells. In contrast, mRNA expression was absent in the smooth muscle cells and endothelium of the vessels. These results suggest that TGF-\u03b2 isoforms may act by both autocrine and paracrine mechanisms in the pancreas. The differential pattern of expression observed for each TGF-\u03b2 isoform implies unique roles for these proteins in the regulation of the endocrine and exocrine pancreas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.42.5.746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,19]],"date-time":"2013-09-19T17:22:06Z","timestamp":1379611326000},"page":"746-756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Synthesis and Expression of Transforming Growth Factor \u03b2-1, \u03b2-2, and \u03b2-3 in the Endocrine and Exocrine Pancreas"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Yoichiro","family":"Yamanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, University of California at Irvine\u2008Irvine, California\u2008Department of General Surgery, University of Ulm\u2008Ulm, Germany\u2008Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center\u2008New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Friess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, University of California at Irvine\u2008Irvine, California\u2008Department of General Surgery, University of Ulm\u2008Ulm, Germany\u2008Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center\u2008New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"B\u00fcchler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, University of California at Irvine\u2008Irvine, California\u2008Department of General Surgery, University of Ulm\u2008Ulm, Germany\u2008Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center\u2008New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans G","family":"Beger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, University of California at Irvine\u2008Irvine, California\u2008Department of General Surgery, University of Ulm\u2008Ulm, Germany\u2008Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center\u2008New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie I","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, University of California at Irvine\u2008Irvine, California\u2008Department of General Surgery, University of Ulm\u2008Ulm, Germany\u2008Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center\u2008New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murray","family":"Korc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, University of California at Irvine\u2008Irvine, California\u2008Department of General Surgery, University of Ulm\u2008Ulm, Germany\u2008Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center\u2008New York, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","container-title":["Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.org\/diabetes\/diabetes\/article-pdf\/42\/5\/746\/360012\/42-5-746.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/diabetes\/article-pdf\/42\/5\/746\/360012\/42-5-746.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T16:23:39Z","timestamp":1667406219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/diabetes\/article\/42\/5\/746\/9598\/Synthesis-and-Expression-of-Transforming-Growth"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,5,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diab.42.5.746","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-1797","1939-327X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-1797","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-327X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,5,1]]}}}