{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T22:49:28Z","timestamp":1771627768861,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Autonomic activation mediates the majority of the increase of glucagon secretion during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in several species including dogs, mice, and rats. However, the role of the autonomic nervous system to increase glucagon during hypoglycemia in humans remains controversial, and investigations in nonhuman primates have not been previously conducted. The autonomic contribution to glucagon secretion during hypoglycemia in a nonhuman primate was examined by two independent pharmacological approaches. Glucagon responses to clamped insulin-induced hypoglycemia were compared in conscious rhesus monkeys in the presence or absence of ganglionic blockade with trimethaphan, or during combined muscarinic and adrenergic receptor blockade with atropine, propranolol, and tolazoline. Insulin- induced hypoglycemia (plasma glucose = 1.9 \u00b1 0.1 mmol\/l) activated parasympathetic nerves to the pancreas as assessed by increased plasma pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels (\u03b4= 135.0 \u00b1 36.8 pmol\/l, P &amp;lt; 0.01), produced sympathoadrenal activation as assessed by elevations of plasma epinephrine (EPI) (\u03b4 = 22.3 \u00b1 2.95 nmol\/l, P &amp;lt; 0.0005) and norepinephrine (NE) (\u03b4 = 3.72 \u00b1 0.77 nmol\/l, P &amp;lt; 0.0025) and increased plasma inununoreactive glucagon (IRG) (\u03b4 = 920 \u00b1 294 ngfl, P &amp;lt; 0.025). Nicotinic ganglionic blockade with trimethaphan prevented parasympathetic (\u03b4PP = 16.5 \u00b1 16.3 pmol\/l, P &amp;lt; 0.01 vs. control) and sympathoadrenal (\u03b4EPI = 1.52 \u00b1 0.98 nmol\/l; \u03b4NE = -0.62 \u00b1 0.24 nmol\/l, both P &amp;lt; 0.0025 vs. control) activation during hypoglycemia and inhibited the IRG response by 70% (\u03b4 = 278 \u00b1 67 ng\/l,P &amp;lt; 0.025 vs. control). Combined muscarinic and adrenergic receptor blockade reduced parasympathetic activation (\u03b4PP = 48.3 \u00b1 16.3 pmol\/l, P &amp;lt; 0.01 vs. control) and inhibited the IRG response by a similar degree to ganglionic blockade (\u03b4IRG = 284 \u00b1 60 ngfl, P &amp;lt; 0.025 vs. control). These results demonstrate by two independent pharmacological approaches that autonomic activation makes a substantial contribution to increased glucagon secretion during hypoglycemia of \u223c2.0 mmol\/l in a species of nonhuman primate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.7.960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,19]],"date-time":"2013-09-19T17:42:54Z","timestamp":1379612574000},"page":"960-966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Autonomic Mediation of Glucagon Secretion During Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Rhesus Monkeys"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Havel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology, Cell Biology University of California\u2008Davis, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celia","family":"Valverde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Nutrition, California Regional Primate Research Center University of California\u2008Davis, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","container-title":["Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.org\/diabetes\/diabetes\/article-pdf\/45\/7\/960\/337828\/45-7-960.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/diabetes\/article-pdf\/45\/7\/960\/337828\/45-7-960.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T16:30:56Z","timestamp":1667406656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/diabetes\/article\/45\/7\/960\/9228\/Autonomic-Mediation-of-Glucagon-Secretion-During"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,7,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diab.45.7.960","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-1797","1939-327X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-1797","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-327X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,7,1]]}}}