{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:37:49Z","timestamp":1762101469649},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Superantigens have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type I diabetes and other immune-mediated diseases. We therefore tested the hypothesis of an abnormal reactivity of the immune system toward bacterial superantigens during the prediabetic phase. For this purpose, splenocytes from NOD (H-2g7) mice were exposed to two well-characterized superantigens: Staphylococcal aureus enterotoxin-B (SEB) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). Cells from BALB\/c (H-2d) and C57BL\/6 (H-2b) mice as well as those from NON (H-2non) and NOR (H-2g7) mice were used as controls. After 72 h of co-culture with the superantigens or the mitogen concanavalin A (Con A), proliferative response and mitochondrial activity were determined. In the culture supernatants, the cytokines \u03b3-interferon (IFN-\u03b3) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were measured. Striking similarities between NOD cells and major histocompatiblity complex (MHC)-identical NOR cells could be observed with regard to a low proliferative and mitochondrial response to SEB, accompanied by a normal response to TSST-1 and Con A, respectively. In addition, only NOD and NOR spleen cells were low producers of the T-helper 1 (Th1) cytokine IFN-\u03b3 in response to SEB. Conversely, abnormally high IFN-\u03b3 levels were induced by TSST-1 in NOD and NOR spleen cells. The cytokine response to Con A was also biased toward IFN-\u03b3 in both NOD and NOR. Since IFN-\u03b3 and IL-10 are crucial disease-promoting or -protecting mediators in prediabetic NOD mice, superantigens may affect pathogenesis by acting on the Th1\/Th2 cytokine balance. The low responder status toward SEB in NOD spleen cells may be of pathogenetic relevance in view of recent findings that the insulin B-chain also interacts with the SEB binding site on MHC class II molecules. In conclusion, we show here that immune cells from mice with a diabetes-associated MHC type respond differently to common environmental superantigens than do immune cells from control strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.3.379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,19]],"date-time":"2013-09-19T17:42:54Z","timestamp":1379612574000},"page":"379-385","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["MHC Class II\u2013Dependent Abnormal Reactivity Toward Bacterial Superantigens in Immune Cells of NOD Mice"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Radons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Diabetes Research Institute at the University of D\u00fcsseldorf\u2008D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Burkart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Diabetes Research Institute at the University of D\u00fcsseldorf\u2008D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Kolb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Diabetes Research Institute at the University of D\u00fcsseldorf\u2008D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","container-title":["Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.org\/diabetes\/diabetes\/article-pdf\/46\/3\/379\/362835\/46-3-379.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/diabetes\/article-pdf\/46\/3\/379\/362835\/46-3-379.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T16:32:50Z","timestamp":1667406770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/diabetes\/article\/46\/3\/379\/9768\/MHC-Class-II-Dependent-Abnormal-Reactivity-Toward"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diab.46.3.379","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-1797","1939-327X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-1797","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-327X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,1]]}}}