{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T13:19:48Z","timestamp":1700313588572},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Alanine and glutamine are interorgan nitrogen\/carbon carriers for ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis, which are mainly but not necessarily only hepatic. The liver is central to alanine and glutamine metabolism, but most organs can produce and use them. We studied amino acid kinetics after liver removal to depict initial events of liver failure and to provide a model to study extrahepatic gluconeogenesis and nitrogen disposal in humans. We measured amino acid kinetics with [5,5,5-2H3]leucine and [3-13C]alanine or [1,2-13C2]glutamine tracers in 21 subjects during and after the anhepatic phase of liver transplantation: 12 were at 7 months posttransplantation, and 7 were healthy control subjects. Anhepatic leucine kinetics, including proteolysis, was unchanged. Alanine plasma and whole-body contents increased 3\u00d7 and 2\u00d7, with a halved metabolic clearance and a doubled production, 2% greater than disposal. Free whole-body glutamine decreased 25% but increased 50% in plasma. Glutamine clearance was halved, and the production decreased by 25%, still 2% greater than disposal. Liver replacement decreased alanine and glutamine concentrations, leaving leucine unchanged. Liver removal caused doubled alanine fluxes, minor changes in glutamine, and no changes in leucine. The initial events after liver removal are an accumulation of three-carbon compounds, an acceleration of alanine turnover, and limited nitrogen storage in alanine and glutamine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.6.1690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,6]],"date-time":"2007-03-06T19:04:22Z","timestamp":1173207862000},"page":"1690-1698","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Amino Acid Kinetics During the Anhepatic Phase of Liver Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Battezzati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universita\u0300 degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Istituto Scientifico H San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Caumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Istituto Scientifico H San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Fattorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Istituto Scientifico H San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia Piceni","family":"Sereni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Istituto Scientifico H San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorgelina","family":"Coppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Transplantation Unit, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Romito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Transplantation Unit, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Ammatuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Transplantation Unit, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Regalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Transplantation Unit, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Mazzaferro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Transplantation Unit, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Livio","family":"Luzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universita\u0300 degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Istituto Scientifico H San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031209382836700_R1","unstructured":"Matthews DE, Fong Y: Amino acid and protein metabolism. In Clinical Nutrition: Parenteral Nutrition. Rombeau JL, Caldwell MD, Eds. Philadelphia, WB Saunders,1993, p.75\u2013112"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nurjhan N, Bucci A, Perriello G, Stumvoll M, Dailey G, Bier DM, Toft I, Jenssen TG, Gerich JE: Glutamine: a major gluconeogenic precursor and vehicle for interorgan carbon transport in man. J Clin Invest\u200895:272\u2013277,1995","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117651"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perriello G, Jorde R, Nurjhan N, Stumvoll M, Dailey G, Jenssen T, Bier DM, Gerich JE: Estimation of glucose-alanine-lactate-glutamine cycles in postabsorptive humans: role of skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol\u2008269:E443\u2013E450,1995","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1995.269.3.E443"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelfand RA, Glickman MG, Jacob R, Sherwin RS, DeFronzo RA: Removal of infused amino acids by splanchnic and leg tissues in humans. Am J Physiol\u2008250:E407\u2013E413,1986","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1986.250.4.E407"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Windmueller HG: Glutamine utilization by the small intestine. Adv Enzymol\u200853:201\u2013237,1982","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470122983.ch6"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abumrad NN, Williams P, Frexes-Steed M, Geer R, Flakoll P, Cersosimo E, Brown LL, Melki I, Bulus N, Hourani H, Hubbard M, Ghishan F: Inter-organ metabolism of amino acids in vivo. Diabetes Metab Rev\u20085:213\u2013226,1989","DOI":"10.1002\/dmr.5610050302"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haussinger D: Nitrogen metabolism in liver: structural and functional organization and physiological relevance. Biochem J\u2008267:281\u2013290,1990","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2670281"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nissim I: Newer aspects of glutamine\/glutamate metabolism: the role of acute pH changes. Am J Physiol\u2008277:F493\u2013F497,1999","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1999.277.4.F493"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waagepetersen HS, Sonnewald U, Larsson OM, Schousboe A: A possible role of alanine for ammonia transfer between astrocytes and glutamatergic neurons. J Neurochem\u200875:471\u2013479,2000","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0750471.x"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajas F, Bruni N, Montano S, Zitoun C, Mithieux G: The glucose-6 phosphatase gene is expressed in human and rat small intestine: regulation of expression in fasted and diabetic rats. Gastroenterology\u2008117:132\u2013139,1999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70559-7"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R11","unstructured":"Burchell A, Hume R: The glucose-6-phosphatase system in human development. Histol Histopathol\u200810:979\u2013993,1995"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen J, Petersen KF, Behar KL, Brown P, Nixon TW, Mason GF, Petroff OA, Shulman GI, Shulman RG, Rothman DL: Determination of the rate of the glutamate\/glutamine cycle in the human brain by in vivo 13C NMR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A\u200896:8235\u20138240,1999","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.14.8235"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stumvoll M, Meyer C, Perriello G, Kreider M, Welle S, Gerich J: Human kidney and liver gluconeogenesis: evidence for organ substrate selectivity. Am J Physiol\u2008274:E817\u2013E826,1998","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1998.274.5.E817"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haussinger D, Kircheis G, Fischer R, Schliess F, Vom DS: Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: a clinical manifestation of astrocyte swelling and low-grade cerebral edema?J Hepatol\u200832:1035\u20131038,2000","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80110-5"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemmesen JO, Kondrup J, Ott P: Splanchnic and leg exchange of amino acids and ammonia in acute liver failure. Gastroenterology\u2008118:1131\u20131139,2000","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70366-0"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, Andreola S, Pulvirenti A, Bozzetti F, Montalto F, Ammatuna M, Morabito A, Gennari L: Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med\u2008334:693\u2013699,1996","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199603143341104"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battezzati A, Benedini S, Fattorini A, Piceni SL, Luzi L: Effect of hypoglycemia on amino acid and protein metabolism in healthy humans. Diabetes\u200849:1543\u20131551,2000","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.9.1543"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews DE, Pesola G, Campbell RG: Effect of epinephrine upon amino acid and energy metabolism in humans. Am J Physiol\u2008258:E948\u2013E956,1990","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1990.258.6.E948"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battezzati A, Simonson DC, Luzi L, Matthews DE: Glucagon increases glutamine uptake without affecting glutamine release in humans. Metabolism\u200847:713\u2013723,1998","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(98)90036-1"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perseghin G, Scifo P, De Cobelli F, Pagliato E, Battezzati A, Arcelloni C, Vanzulli A, Testolin G, Pozza G, Del Maschio A, Luzi L: Intramyocellular triglyceride content is a determinant of in vivo insulin resistance in humans: a 1H\u201313C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy assessment in offspring of type 2 diabetic parents. Diabetes\u200848:1600\u20131606,1999","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.8.1600"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grassi G, Seravalle G, Cattaneo BM, Lanfranchi A, Vailati S, Giannattasio C, Del Bo A, Sala C, Bolla GB, Pozzi M: Sympathetic activation and loss of reflex sympathetic control in mild congestive heart failure. Circulation\u200892:3206\u20133211,1995","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.11.3206"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luzi L, Perseghin G, Regalia E, Sereni LP, Battezzati A, Baratti D, Bianchi E, Terruzzi I, Hilden H, Groop LC, Pulvirenti A, Taskinen MR, Gennari L, Mazzaferro V: Metabolic effects of liver transplantation in cirrhotic patients. J Clin Invest\u200899:692\u2013700,1997","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119213"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobelli C, Foster D, Toffolo G: Tracer kinetics in biomedical research. In Data to Model. Kluwer Academic\/Plenum, London,2001, p.215\u2013280","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-46833-6_8"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobelli C, Caumo A: Using what is accessible to measure that which is not: necessity of model of system. Metabolism\u200847:1009\u20131035,1998","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(98)90360-2"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R25","unstructured":"Matthews DE, Battezzati A: Substrate kinetics and catabolic hormones. In Organ Metabolism and Nutrition: Ideas for Future Critical Care. Kinney JM, Tucker HN, Eds. New York, Raven Press,1994, p.1\u201322"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perseghin G, Regalia E, Battezzati A, Vergani S, Pulvirenti A, Terruzzi I, Baratti D, Bozzetti F, Mazzaferro V, Luzi L: Regulation of glucose homeostasis in humans with denervated livers. J Clin Invest\u2008100:931\u2013941,1997","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119609"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrides AS, Luzi L, Reuben A, Riely C, DeFronzo RA: Effect of insulin and plasma amino acid concentration on leucine metabolism in cirrhosis. Hepatology\u200814:432\u2013444,11991","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840140306"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews DE, Pesola G, Campbell RG: Effect of epinephrine upon amino acid and energy metabolism in humans. Am J Physiol\u2008258:E948\u2013E956,1990","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1990.258.6.E948"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Feo P, Perriello G, Torlone E, Ventura MM, Fanelli C, Santeusanio F, Brunetti P, Gerich JE, Bolli GB: Contribution of cortisol to glucose counterregulation in humans. Am J Physiol\u2008257:E35\u2013E42,1989","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1989.257.1.E35"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darmaun D, Matthews DE, Bier DM: Physiological hypercortisolemia increases proteolysis, glutamine and alanine production. Am J Physiol\u2008255:E366\u2013E373,1988","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1988.255.3.E366"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simmons PS, Miles JM, Gerich JE, Haymond MW: Increased proteolysis: an effect of increases in plasma cortisol within the physiologic range. J Clin Invest\u200873:412\u2013420,1984","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111227"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R32","unstructured":"Shaw JH, Humberstone DA, Douglas RG, Koea J: Leucine kinetics in patients with benign disease, non-weight-losing cancer, and cancer cachexia: studies at the whole-body and tissue level and the response to nutritional support. Surgery\u2008109:37\u201350,1991"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carli F, Ronzoni G, Webster J, Khan K, Elia M: The independent metabolic effects of halothane and isoflurane anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand (Copenh)\u200837:672\u2013678,1993","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1993.tb03787.x"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carli F, Ramachandra V, Gandy J, Merritt H, Ford GC, Read M, Halliday D: Effect of general anaesthesia on whole body protein turnover in patients undergoing elective surgery. Br J Anaesth\u200865:373\u2013379,1990","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/65.3.373"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carli F, Elia M: The independent metabolic effects of enflurane anaesthesia and surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand (Copenh)\u200835:329\u2013332,1991","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1991.tb03299.x"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perseghin G, Corno A, Santoro F, Biagioli B, Paolini G, Battezzati A, Benedini S, Donatelli F, Pozza G, Grossi A, Luzi L: Myocardial metabolism studied during warm blood antero-retrograde reperfusion in ischaemic human hearts. Acta Diabetol\u200835:67\u201373,1998","DOI":"10.1007\/s005920050105"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R37","unstructured":"Hall SEH, Braaten JT, McKendry JBR, Bolton T, Foster D, Berman M: Normal alanine-glucose relationships and their changes in diabetic patients before and after insulin treatment. Diabetes\u200828:737\u2013745,1979"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews DE, Battezzati A, Fu\u0308rst P: Alanylglutamine kinetics in humans. Clin Nutr\u200812:57\u201358,1993","DOI":"10.1016\/0261-5614(93)90152-T"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darmaun D, Matthews DE, Bier DM: Glutamine and glutamate kinetics in humans. Am J Physiol\u2008251:E117\u2013E126,1986","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1986.251.1.E117"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battezzati A, Haisch M, Brillon DJ, Matthews DE: Splanchnic utilization of enteral alanine in humans. Metabolism\u200848:915\u2013921,1999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(99)90229-9"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobelli C, Saccomani MP, Tessari P, Biolo G, Luzi L, Matthews DE: A compartmental model of leucine kinetics in humans. Am J Physiol\u2008261:E539\u2013E550,1991","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1991.261.4.E539"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tessari P, Biolo G, Inchiostro S, Orlando R, Vettore M, Sergi G: Leucine and phenylalanine kinetics in compensated liver cirrhosis: effects of insulin. Gastroenterology\u2008104:1712\u20131721,1993","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90650-2"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Essen P, McNurlan MA, Wernerman J, Vinnars E, Garlick PJ: Uncomplicated surgery, but not general anesthesia, decreases muscle protein synthesis. Am J Physiol\u2008262:E253\u2013E260,1992","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1992.262.3.E253"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meek SE, Persson M, Ford GC, Nair KS: Differential regulation of amino acid exchange and protein dynamics across splanchnic and skeletal muscle beds by insulin in healthy human subjects. Diabetes\u200847:1824\u20131835,1998","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.47.12.1824"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tessari P, Garibotto G, Inchiostro S, Robaudo C, Saffioti S, Vettore M, Zanetti M, Russo R, Deferrari G: Kidney, splanchnic, and leg protein turnover in humans: insight from leucine and phenylalanine kinetics. J Clin Invest\u200898:1481\u20131492,1996","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118937"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews DE, Marano MA, Campbell RG: Splanchnic bed utilization of leucine and phenylalanine in humans. Am J Physiol\u2008264:E109\u2013E118,1993","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1993.264.1.E109"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson NC, Carroll PV, Russell-Jones DL, Sonksen PH, Treacher DF, Umpleby AM: The metabolic consequences of critical illness: acute effects on glutamine and protein metabolism. Am J Physiol\u2008276:E163\u2013E170,1999","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1999.276.1.E163"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lochs H, Roth E, Gasic S, Hubl W, Morse EL, Adibi SA: Splanchnic, renal, and muscle clearance of alanylglutamine in man and organ fluxes of alanine and glutamine when infused in free and peptide forms. Metabolism\u200839:833\u2013836,1990","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(90)90128-Y"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller BM, Cersosimo E, McRae J, Williams PE, Lacy WW, Abumrad NN: Interorgan relationships of alanine and glutamine during fasting in the conscious dog. J Surg Res\u200835:310\u2013318,1983","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(83)90006-9"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felig P, Wahren J, Karl I, Cerasi E, Luft R, Kipnis DM: Glutamine and glutamate metabolism in normal and diabetic subjects. Diabetes\u200822:573\u2013576,1973","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.22.8.573"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R51","unstructured":"Robinson BH: Lactic acidemia. In The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D, Eds. New York, McGraw-Hill,1989, p.869\u2013888"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shangraw RE, Winter R, Hromco J, Robinson ST, Gallaher EJ: Amelioration of lactic acidosis with dichloroacetate during liver transplantation in humans. Anesthesiology\u200881:1127\u20131138,1994","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199411000-00006"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R53","unstructured":"Battezzati A, Caumo A, Fattorini A, Piceni Sereni L, Regalia E, Romito R, Coppa J, Matthews DE, Mazzaferro V, Luzi L: Anhepatic glutamine metabolism and gluconeogenesis in humans (Abstract). Diabetologia\u200843:A153,2000"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukuzawa K, Shimada M, Itasaka H, Takenaka K, Sugimachi K: Ammonia elimination as a rapid index of viability in liver grafts in dogs. J Surg Res\u200850:88\u201392,1991","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(91)90015-E"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews DE, Downey RS: Measurement of urea kinetics in humans: a validation of stable isotope tracer methods. Am J Physiol\u2008246:E519\u2013E527,1984","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1984.246.6.E519"},{"key":"2022031209382836700_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahoor F, Wolfe RR: Reassessment of primed constant-infusion tracer method to measure urea kinetics. Am J Physiol\u2008252:E557\u2013E564,1987","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1987.252.4.E557"}],"container-title":["Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.org\/diabetes\/diabetes\/article-pdf\/51\/6\/1690\/650897\/db0602001690.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/diabetes\/article-pdf\/51\/6\/1690\/650897\/db0602001690.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T16:14:21Z","timestamp":1667405661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/diabetes\/article\/51\/6\/1690\/14252\/Amino-Acid-Kinetics-During-the-Anhepatic-Phase-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.51.6.1690","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-1797","1939-327X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-1797","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-327X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]]}}}