{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:10:51Z","timestamp":1788361851454,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the study was to investigate antioxidant (\u03b1-lipoic acid [LA]) and \u03b3-linolenic acid treatments in the prevention of changes in autonomic nerves induced in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Autonomic nerves supplying the heart, penis, and gut were examined using immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques. LA and \u03b3-linolenic acid (present in evening primrose oil [EPO]) were administered as dietary supplements (\u223c80 and 200 mg \u00b7 kg\u22121 \u00b7 day\u22121, respectively). LA treatment prevented the diabetes-induced decrease of norepinephrine (NA) in the heart and of type I nitric oxide synthase (NOS-I) expression in erectile tissue of the penis but failed to prevent diabetes-induced changes in NA-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, or calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing nerves supplying the ileum. LA partially prevented and EPO totally prevented the increase in NOS-I activity induced by diabetes in the ileum. EPO treatment failed to prevent any other diabetes-induced changes in the heart, penis, or ileum. These results demonstrate that, whereas LA treatment is more effective than EPO in preventing diabetes-induced changes in autonomic nerves, the effectiveness of LA treatment varies with the target organ studied. Diabetes-induced changes in nerves supplying the ileum are more resistant to treatment than those of the heart and penis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.1.157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,6]],"date-time":"2007-03-06T19:04:22Z","timestamp":1173207862000},"page":"157-164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Effectiveness of Treatments of Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy Is Not the Same in Autonomic Nerves Supplying Different Organs"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Hannah R.","family":"Shotton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Autonomic Neuroscience Institute, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Autonomic Neuroscience Institute, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Lincoln","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Autonomic Neuroscience Institute, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031207584677500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ewing J, Clarke BF: Diabetic autonomic neuropathy: present insights and future prospects. 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