{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T22:12:17Z","timestamp":1778969537923,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 1 diabetes in NOD mice can be prevented through autoantigen vaccination by shifting lymphocyte differentiation toward a T-helper 2 (Th2) response. However, in other models of autoimmunity, this approach may be accompanied by unexpected triggering of Th2-dependent anaphylactic shock. To test the safety of vaccination therapy in the NOD mouse model, we evaluated the effects of immunization with a wide battery of antigens in NOD, BALB\/c, and C57BL\/6 mice. Surprisingly, a nondiabetogenic antigen, hen egg white lysozyme, induced severe shock exclusively in NOD mice (shock in 11 of 11 mice, lethal in 3 mice). Shock severity was further increased by a more pronounced Th2 setting generated by 1\u03b1,25(OH)2D3 administration (17 of 17 mice, lethal in 14 mice, P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Pretreatment with dexamethasone resulted in full rescue, indicating an immune-mediated mechanism. Serum IgE levels and Th1\/Th2 cytokine profile analysis showed that the shock phenomenon was paralleled by a Th2 response. mRNA expression of platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R) was significantly higher in NOD mice (P &amp;lt; 0.01) and was further increased by 1\u03b1,25(OH)2D3. Pretreatment with WEB2086 (PAF-R antagonist) again protected all mice from lethal shock, indicating PAF as an anaphylaxis effector. In conclusion, in NOD mice, vaccination leading to a Th2 immune shift can result in a lethal anaphylactic reaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.2.335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,6]],"date-time":"2007-03-06T19:04:22Z","timestamp":1173207862000},"page":"335-341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Acute Shock Induced by Antigen Vaccination in NOD Mice"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Lut","family":"Overbergh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Decallonne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dumitru D.","family":"Branisteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Endocrinology, University Hospital \u201cSt. Spiridon,\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGr. 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Popa,\u201d Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Valckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Kasran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Immunology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Bouillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031217224047600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon JW, Jun HS: Cellular and molecular pathogenic mechanisms of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 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