{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T07:30:14Z","timestamp":1784619014622,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE: Urinary excretion of albumin is a marker for incipient diabetic nephropathy in adults. The intra-individual variability, as well as the relationship to duration of diabetes, onset of the disease, and long-term metabolic control, have not been evaluated in a large sample of pediatric patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 5,722 nocturnal urinary albumin excretion rates were determined in 447 children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes, comprising 1,821 years of observation. Excretion rates were related to duration of diabetes, age at onset of diabetes, sex, blood pressure, and metabolic control. RESULTS: Based on repeated measurements in individual patients, the positive predictive value of one sample was 76%, the negative 99.5%. After a duration of diabetes of 11 years, 5% of patients displayed persistent microalbuminuria (10% after 13 years). The duration of diabetes until persistent microalbuminuria was identical for patients with prepubertal or pubertal onset of diabetes. In addition to duration, female sex (P &amp;lt; 0.03) and insufficient long-term metabolic control (P &amp;lt; 0.03) contributed significantly and independently to urinary albumin excretion. CONCLUSIONS: Determination of urinary albumin excretion rate is useful in pediatric patients. Female subjects with a long duration of diabetes and insufficient metabolic control are especially at risk for microalbuminuria. Even if persistent microalbuminuria usually becomes evident in patients aged &amp;gt; 11 years, the prepubertal duration of diabetes contributes equally to this risk. Good metabolic control therefore should be aspired to from the onset of diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.9.1555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,5]],"date-time":"2007-03-05T22:51:27Z","timestamp":1173135087000},"page":"1555-1560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Urinary excretion of albumin in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: persistent versus intermittent microalbuminuria and relationship to duration of diabetes, sex, and metabolic control."],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"R W","family":"Holl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Ulm, Germany. reinhard.w.holl@paediat.med.uni-giessen.de"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Grabert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Ulm, Germany. reinhard.w.holl@paediat.med.uni-giessen.de"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Thon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Ulm, Germany. reinhard.w.holl@paediat.med.uni-giessen.de"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Heinze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Ulm, Germany. reinhard.w.holl@paediat.med.uni-giessen.de"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/22\/9\/1555\/450414\/10480525.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/22\/9\/1555\/450414\/10480525.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T13:22:52Z","timestamp":1647091372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/22\/9\/1555\/20624\/Urinary-excretion-of-albumin-in-adolescents-with"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.22.9.1555","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]]}}}