{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T05:57:03Z","timestamp":1774072623439,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE\u2014We examined the prevalence of different forms of diabetes in Hong Kong Chinese patients with familial early-onset type 2 diabetes and compared their clinical features with patients with familial late-onset type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS\u2014A total of 145 young patients with early-onset diabetes (age and age at diagnosis \u226440 years) and a family history of diabetes were studied. They were screened for mutations in the genes encoding glucokinase, hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-4\u03b1, and HNF-1\u03b1. The mitochondrial DNA A\u2192G at nucleotide 3243 (mt3243) and amylin S20G mutations were studied, and antibodies to GAD (anti-GADs) were also examined.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS\u2014The prevalence of putative diabetogenic gene mutations and autoimmune markers were 4% for glucokinase, 0% for HNF-4\u03b1, 5% for HNF-1\u03b1, 3% for mt3243, 2% for amylin S20G, and 4% for anti-GAD. Compared with late-onset patients, the patients with early-onset diabetes had a higher prevalence of a parental history of diabetes and were generally more obese. When classified by obesity indexes (BMI and waist circumference), the obese patients, especially those with early-onset diabetes, had a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors and increased rates of retinopathy and albuminuria.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS\u2014Genetic factors (up to 14%) and obesity (55%) play more significant roles than autoimmunity (4%) in familial type 2 diabetes in young Chinese patients. The significance of obesity-related genes and other gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in these young patients remains to be determined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.4.663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,5]],"date-time":"2007-03-05T22:51:27Z","timestamp":1173135087000},"page":"663-671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Familial Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes in Chinese Patients"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Maggie C.Y.","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shao-Chin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary T.C.","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"June K.Y.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wing-Yee","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasmeen","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Laboratories, Radcliffe Infirmary, University of Oxford, Oxford"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony H.","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian R.","family":"Mackay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian A.J.H.","family":"Critchley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clive S.","family":"Cockram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana C.N.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031216094200800_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan JCN, Cockram CS: Diabetes in the Chinese population and its implications for health care (Review). 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