{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T03:56:39Z","timestamp":1776138999739,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE\u2014To assess the independent associations of a broad range of early life risk factors and adult obesity with adult insulin resistance.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS\u2014This was a cross-sectional study of 1,394 women, aged 60\u201379 years, from 23 British towns.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS\u2014There was a strong (independent of confounding factors, other early life factors, and adult waist-to-hip ratio) inverse association between birth weight and insulin resistance in women in the highest third of BMI (&amp;gt;28.77 kg\/m2): \u22120.12 (95% CI \u22120.19 to \u22120.04) log homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score per 1 SD birth weight, but no association between birth weight and insulin resistance in women in the two lowest thirds of BMI (P for interaction = 0.04). Offspring birth weight, own leg length, and childhood manual social class did not interact with adult obesity and were all independently inversely associated with insulin resistance: \u22120.05 (\u22120.09 to \u22120.01) log HOMA score per 1 SD offspring birth weight, \u22120.09 (\u22120.12 to \u22120.06) log HOMA score per 1 SD leg length, and a \u22120.07 (\u22120.14 to 0.00) difference in log HOMA score between manual and nonmanual childhood social class. Childhood manual social class and shorter leg length were both independently associated with adverse lipid profiles. BMI and waist-to-hip ratio were independently positively associated with insulin resistance and with all other components of the insulin resistance syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS\u2014Insulin resistance is an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. Our results suggest that genetic factors, intrauterine environment, early childhood, and adult environmental factors are all relevant in determining adult insulin resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.1.97","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,5]],"date-time":"2007-03-05T22:51:27Z","timestamp":1173135087000},"page":"97-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Life Course Influences on Insulin Resistance"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Debbie A.","family":"Lawlor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Davey Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shah","family":"Ebrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031215091792200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enos MWF, Holmes LCRH, Beyer CJ: Coronary disease among United States soldiers killed in action in Korea. JAMA\u2008152: 1090\u20131093, 1953","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1953.03690120006002"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNamara JJ, Molot MA, Stremple JF, Cutting RT: Coronary artery disease in combat casualties in Vietnam. JAMA\u2008216: 1185\u20131187, 1971","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.216.7.1185"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barker DJP: Mothers, Babies and Health in Later Life. London, Churchill Livingstone, 1998","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(99)00170-5"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fall CH, Osmond C, Barker DJ, Clark PM, Hales CN, Stirling Y, Meade TW: Fetal and infant growth and cardiovascular risk factors in women. BMJ\u2008310: 428\u2013432, 1995","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6977.428"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davey Smith G, Hart C, Blane D, Hole D: Adverse socioeconomic conditions in childhood and cause specific adult mortality: prospective observational study. BMJ\u2008316: 1631\u20131635, 1998","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7145.1631"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wadsworth MEJ, Hardy RJ, Paul AA, Marshall SF, Cole TJ: Leg and trunk length at 43 years in relation to childhood health, diet and family circumstances: evidence from the 1946 national birth cohort. Int J Epidemiol\u200831: 383\u2013390, 2002","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.2.383"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davey Smith G, Greenwood R, Gunnell D, Sweetnam P, Yarnell J, Elwood P: Leg length, insulin resistance, and coronary heart disease risk: the Caerphilly Study. J Epidemiol Community Health\u200855: 867\u2013872, 2001","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.12.867"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Davey Smith G: The association between components of adult height and type II diabetes and insulin resistance: British Women\u2019s Heart and Health Study. Diabetologia\u200845: 1097\u20131106, 2002","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-002-0887-5"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hales CN, Barker DJP: The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Br Med Bull\u200860: 5\u201320, 2001","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/60.1.5"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hattersley AT, Tooke JE: The fetal insulin hypothesis: an alternative explanation of the association of low birthweight with diabetes and vascular disease. Lancet\u2008353: 1789\u20131792, 1999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07546-1"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S: Birth weight of offspring and insulin resistance in late adulthood: cross sectional survey using data from the British Women\u2019s Heart and Health Study. BMJ\u2008325: 359\u2013362, 2002","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7360.359"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davey Smith G, Hart C, Ferrell C, Upton M, Hole D, Hawthorne V, Watt G: Birth weight of offspring and mortality in the Renfrew and Paisley study: prospective observational study. BMJ\u2008315: 1189\u20131193, 1997","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7117.1189"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasmussen F, Davey Smith G, Sterne J, Tynelius P, Leon DA: Birth characteristics of offspring and parental diabetes. Am J Epidemiol\u2008153 (Suppl.): S47, 2001","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2001.00381-85.x"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasmussen F, Sterne JAC, Davey Smith G, Tynelius P, Leon DA: Fetal growth is associated with parents\u2019 cardiovascular mortality. Am J Epidemiol\u2008153 (Suppl.): S98, 2001","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2001.00381-86.x"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leitch I: Growth and health. Br J Nutr\u20085: 142\u2013151, 1951","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19510017"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Davey Smith G: Socioeconomic position in childhood and adulthood and insulin resistance: cross sectional survey using data from British women\u2019s heart and health study. BMJ\u2008325: 805\u2013807, 2002","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7368.805"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liese AD, Mayer-Davis EJ, Haffner SM: Development of the multiple metabolic syndrome: an epidemiologic perspective. Epidemiol Rev\u200820: 157\u2013172, 1998","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017978"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R18","unstructured":"Lawlor DA, Bedford C, Taylor M, Ebrahim S: Geographic variation in cardiovascular disease, risk factors and their control in older women: British Women\u2019s Heart and Health Study. J Epidemiol Community Health In press"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC: Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia\u200828: 412\u2013419, 1985","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen L, Dinesen B, Jorgensen PN, Poulsen F, Roder ME: Enzyme immunoassay for intact human insulin in serum or plasma. Clin Chem\u200839: 578\u2013582, 1993","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/39.4.578"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Davey Smith G: A lifecourse approach to cardiovascular health: coronary heart disease and stroke. In Lifecourse Influences on Women\u2019s Health. Kuh D, Hardy R, Eds. Oxford, U.K., Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 86\u2013120","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780192632890.003.0005"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R22","unstructured":"Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S: Association between leg-length and offspring birthweight: partial explanation for the trans-generational associations between birthweight and cardiovascular disease: findings from the British Women\u2019s Heart and Health Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. In press"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lithell HO, McKeigue PM, Berglund L, Mohsen R, Lithell U-B, Leon DA: Relation of size at birth to non-insulin dependent diabetes and insulin concentrations in men aged 50\u201360 years. BMJ\u2008312: 406\u2013410, 1996","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7028.406"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rich-Rich-Edwards JW, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Gillman MW, Hennekens CH, Speizer FE, Manson JE: Birthweight and the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adult women. Ann Intern Med\u2008130: 278\u2013284, 1999","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-4_Part_1-199902160-00005"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frankel S, Elwood P, Sweetnam P, Yarnell J: Birth weight, body mass index in middle age, and incident coronary heart disease. Lancet\u2008348: 1478\u20131480, 1996","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)03482-4"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huxley RR, Shiell AW, Law CA: The role of size at birth and post-natal catch-up growth in determining systolic blood pressure: a systematic review of the literature. J Hyperten\u200818: 815\u2013831, 2000","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200018070-00002"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huxley R, Neil A, Collins R: Unravelling the \u201cfetal origins\u201d hypothesis: is there really an inverse association between birth weight and future blood pressure? Lancet\u2008360: 659\u2013665, 2002","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09834-3"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R28","unstructured":"McKeigue P: Diabetes and insulin action. In A Life Course Approach to Chronic Disease Epidemiology. Kuh D, Ben-Shlomo Y, Eds. 2nd ed. Oxford, U.K., Oxford University Press. In press"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R29","unstructured":"Parsons TJ, Power C, Logan S, Summerbell CD: Childhood predictors of adult obesity: a systematic review. Int J Obes\u200823: S1\u2013S107, 1999"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parsons TJ, Power C, Manor O: Fetal and early life growth and body mass index from birth to early adulthood in 1958 British cohort: longitudinal study. BMJ\u2008323: 1331\u20131335, 2001","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7325.1331"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Camargo CA Jr, Berkey CS, Frazier AL, Rockett HR, Field AE, Colditz GA: Risk of overweight among adolescents who were breastfed as infants. JAMA\u2008285: 2461\u20132467, 2001","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.19.2461"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA: Obesity. N Engl J Med\u2008346: 591\u2013602, 2002","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012586"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kemp M, Gunnell D, Maynard M, Davey Smith G, Frankel S: How accurate is self reported birth weight among the elderly? J Epidemiol Community Health\u200854: 639\u2013640, 2000","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.54.8.639"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Sullivan JJ, Pearce MS, Parker L: Parental recall of birth weight: how accurate is it? Arch Dis Child\u200882: 202\u2013203, 2000","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.82.3.202"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R35","unstructured":"de Onis M, Villar J, Glumezoglu M: Nutritional interventions to prevent intrauterine growth retardation: evidence from randomized controlled trials. Euro J Clin Nutr\u200852 (Suppl.): S83\u2013S93, 1998"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spencer B, Thomas H, Morris J: A randomized controlled trial of the provision of a social support service during pregnancy: the South Manchester Family Worker Project. Br J Obstet Gynaecol\u200896: 281\u2013288, 1989","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1989.tb02387.x"},{"key":"2022031215091792200_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunnell D, Davey Smith G, Ness F, Frankel S: The effects of dietary supplementation on growth and adult mortality: a re-analysis and follow-up of a pre-war study. Public Health\u2008114: 109\u2013116, 2000","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(00)00318-8"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/26\/1\/97\/648196\/dc0103000097.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/26\/1\/97\/648196\/dc0103000097.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T15:09:37Z","timestamp":1647097777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/26\/1\/97\/22588\/Life-Course-Influences-on-Insulin"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.26.1.97","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]]}}}