{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T12:03:55Z","timestamp":1784030635616,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE\u2014The aim of this study was to investigate alcohol consumption in relation to the incidence of type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS\u2014The study population consisted of 22,778 twins of the Finnish Twin Cohort. This cohort was compiled in 1975 and includes all same-sexed twins born in Finland before 1958. Information on alcohol, smoking, diet, physical activity, medical, and social conditions was obtained by questionnaires administered in 1975, 1981, and 1990. By record linkage to national registers of hospital discharge and prescribed medication, 580 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were identified during 20 years of follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS\u2014Moderate alcohol consumption (5\u201329.9 g\/day in men and 5\u201319.9 g\/day in women) tended to be associated with a reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes compared with low consumption (&amp;lt;5 g\/day). The estimates were lower in overweight (BMI \u226525.0 kg\/m2) subjects (relative risk 0.7, 95% CI 0.5\u20131.0 [men]; 0.6, 0.3\u20131.1 [women]). High alcohol consumption (\u226520 g\/day) was associated with an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes in lean women (2.9, 1.1\u20137.5) but not in overweight women or in men. In women, binge drinking was associated with an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes (2.1, 1.0\u20134.4). Analyses of alcohol-discordant twin pairs supported a reduced risk in moderate consuming twins compared with their low-consuming cotwins (odds ratio 0.5, 95% CI 0.2\u20131.5).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS\u2014The results of this study suggested that moderate alcohol consumption may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. On the other hand, binge drinking and high alcohol consumption may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.10.2785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,5]],"date-time":"2007-03-05T22:51:27Z","timestamp":1173135087000},"page":"2785-2790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Alcohol Consumption and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Carlsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Stockholm Centre of Public Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Hammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valdemar","family":"Grill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaakko","family":"Kaprio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki and Department of Mental Health, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031217522988900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kao LHW, Puddy IB, Boland LL, Watson RL, Brancati FL: Alcohol consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol\u2008154:748\u2013757, 2001","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.8.748"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlsson S, Hammar N, Persson P-G, Efendic S, O\u0308stenson C-G, Grill V: Alcohol consumption, type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in middle-aged Swedish men. Diabet Med\u200817:776\u2013781, 2000","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2000.00387.x"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei M, Gibbons LW, Mitchell TL, Kampert JB, Blair SN: Alcohol intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in men. Diabetes Care\u20081:18\u201322, 2000","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.1.18"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsmura K, Hayashi T, Suematsu C, Endo G, Fujii S, Okada K: Daily alcohol consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes in Japanese men. Diabetes Care\u200822:1432\u20131437, 1999","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.9.1432"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holbrook TL, Barrett-Connor E, Wingard DL: A prospective population-based study of alcohol use and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol\u2008132:902\u2013909, 1990","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115733"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakanishi N, Suzuki K, Tatara K: Alcohol consumption and risk for development of impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men. Diabetes Care\u200826:48\u201354, 2003","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.1.48"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Vegt F, Dekker JM, Groeneveld WJ, Nijpels G, Stehouwer CD, Bouter LM, Heine RJ: Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with lower risk for incident diabetes and mortality: the Hoorn study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract\u200857:53\u201360, 2002","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(02)00013-X"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Perry IJ, Alberti KG: Alcohol consumption and the incidence of type II diabetes. J Epidemiol Community Health\u20087:542\u2013548, 2002","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.56.7.542"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conigrave KM, Hu BF, Camargo CA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Rimm EB: A prospective study of drinking patterns in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes among men. Diabetes\u200850:2390\u20132395, 2001","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.10.2390"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajani UA, Hennekens CH, Spelsberg A, Manson JE: Alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among U.S. male physicians. Arch Intern Med\u20087:1025\u20131030, 2000","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.7.1025"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perry IJ, Wannamethee SG, Walker MK, Thomson AG, Whincup PH, Shaper AG: Prospective study of risk factors for development of non-insulin dependent diabetes in middle aged British men. BMJ\u2008310:560\u2013564, 1995","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6979.560"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, WiIlett WC, Manson JE, Arky RD, Hennekens CH, Speizer FE: A prospective study of alcohol drinking and risk of diabetes in women. Am J Epidemiol\u2008128:549\u2013558, 1988","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115002"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Todoroki I, Shinchi K, Kono S, Imanishi K: Lifestyle and glucose tolerance: a cross-sectional study of Japanese men. Ann Epidemiol\u20084:363\u2013368, 1994","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(94)90070-1"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hodge AM, Dowse GK, Collins VR, Zimmet PZ: Abnormal glucose tolerance and alcohol consumption in three populations at high risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol\u2008137:178\u2013189, 1993","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116658"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monterrosa AE, Haffner SM, Stern MP, Hazuda HP: Sex difference in lifestyle factors predictive of diabetes in Mexican-Americans. Diabetes Care\u200818:448\u2013456, 1995","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.18.4.448"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Facchini FS, Chen Y-DI, Reaven GM: Light-to-moderate alcohol intake is associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care\u200817:115\u2013119, 1994","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.17.2.115"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer EJ, Quesenberry CP Jr, Friedman GD, Selby JV: Alcohol consumption and insulin concentrations: role for insulin in associations of alcohol intake with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. Circulation\u200888:2190\u20132197, 1993","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.5.2190"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen BN, Hagen C, Faber OK, Lindholm J, Boisen P, Worning H: Glucose tolerance and B cell function in chronic alcoholism: its relation to hepatic histology and exocrine pancreatic function. Metabolism\u200832:1029\u20131032, 1983","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(83)90072-0"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laws A, Terry RB, Barrett-Connor E: Behavioral covariates of waist-to-hip ratio in Rancho Bernardo. Am J Public Health\u200880:1358\u20131362, 1990","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.80.11.1358"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjo\u0308rntorp P: Abdominal fat distribution and disease: an overview of epidemiological data. Ann Med\u200824:15\u201318, 1992","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899209164140"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R21","unstructured":"Kaprio J, Sarna S, Koskenvuo M, Rantasalo I: The Finnish Twin Registry: formation and compilation, questionnaire study, zygosity determination procedures and research program. Prog Clin Biol Res\u200824B:179\u2013184, 1978"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M: Genetic and environmental factors in complex diseases: the older Finnish Twin Cohort. Twin Res\u20085:358\u2013365, 2002","DOI":"10.1375\/136905202320906093"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R23","unstructured":"Romanov K, Rose RJ, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Langinvainio H, Sarna S: Self-reported alcohol use: a longitudinal study of 12,994 adults. Alcohol Alcohol\u20081 (Suppl):619\u2013623, 1987"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kujala UM, Kaprio J, Sarna S, Koskenvuo M: Relationship of leisure-time physical activity and mortality: the Finnish Twin Cohort. JAMA\u2008279:440\u2013444, 1998","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.6.440"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R25","unstructured":"Finland Central Statistical Office: Alphabetical List of Occupation and Classification of Social Class (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland, Central Statistical Office, 1972"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarna S, Kaprio J, Sistonen P, Koskenvuo M: Diagnosis of twin zygosity by mailed questionnaire. Hum Hered\u200828:241\u2013254, 1978","DOI":"10.1159\/000152964"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaprio J, Tuomeilehto J, Koskenvuo M, Romanov K, Reunanen A, Eriksson J, Stenga\u030ard J, Kesa\u0308niemi YA: Concordance of type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of twins in Finland. Diabetologia\u200835:1060\u20131067, 1992","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02221682"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R28","unstructured":"World Health Organization Expert Committee on Diabetes Mellitus: Diabetes Mellitus: Report of a WHO Study Group. Technical report series 727. Geneva, World Health Org., 1985"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R29","unstructured":"Thernau TM, Grambsch PM, Pankratz VS: Penalized Survival Models and Frailty. Rochester, MN, Mayo Clinic, 2000 (Tech. Rep. Ser., no. 66)"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R30","unstructured":"S-PLUS 2000. Guide to Statistics. Data Analysis Products Division, Volume 2. Seattle, WA, MathSoft, 1999"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feunekes GIJ, Van\u2019t Veer P, van Staveren WA, Kok FJ: Alcohol intake assessment: the sober facts. Am J Epidemiol\u2008150:105\u2013112, 1999","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009909"},{"key":"2022031217522988900_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlsson S, Hammar N, Hakala P, Kaprio J, Marniemi J, Ro\u0308nnemaa T: Assessment of alcohol consumption by mailed questionnaire in epidemiological studies: evaluation of misclassification using a dietary history interview and biochemical markers. Eur J Epidemiol\u200818:493\u2013501, 2003","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024694816036"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/26\/10\/2785\/590184\/dc1003002785.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/26\/10\/2785\/590184\/dc1003002785.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T18:46:52Z","timestamp":1647110812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/26\/10\/2785\/26098\/Alcohol-Consumption-and-the-Incidence-of-Type-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.26.10.2785","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]]}}}