{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T04:22:25Z","timestamp":1770265345559,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE\u2014To assess the postprandial glucose-lowering effect of the human amylin analog pramlintide when given with either regular insulin or insulin lispro in subjects with type 1 diabetes, with an emphasis on the optimal dose timing relative to meals.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS\u2014In this randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, five-way crossover study, 19 subjects with type 1 diabetes using regular insulin and 21 subjects with type 1 diabetes using insulin lispro underwent five consecutive mixed meal tests. In randomized order, subjects received subcutaneous injections of placebo at \u221215 min or 60 \u03bcg pramlintide at \u221215, 0, +15, or +30 min relative to the meal after an overnight fast. Regular insulin or insulin lispro was injected at \u221230 and 0 min, respectively, at doses that were adjusted appropriately for both the content of the standardized meal and the anticipated effects of pramlintide. Plasma glucose concentrations were measured before and during the 4-h postmeal period.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS\u2014In both the regular insulin and insulin lispro groups, pramlintide injections at all four time points lowered the postprandial glucose excursion (36 to &amp;gt;100% reduction in incremental area under the concentration time curve from 0 to 4 h (AUC0\u20134 h) compared with placebo. However, only preprandial injections of pramlintide (\u221215 and 0 min) were able to prevent the initial postprandial surge in glucose. The optimal time for pramlintide injection was 0 min, which reduced the postprandial glucose excursion by &amp;gt;100% compared with regular insulin plus placebo (incremental AUC0\u20134 h: \u22120.6 \u00b1 2.5 vs. 11.0 \u00b1 2.9 mmol \u00b7 h\u22121 \u00b7 l\u22121, P &amp;lt; 0.0007) and by 75% compared with insulin lispro plus placebo (incremental AUC0\u20134 h: 2.5 \u00b1 2.1 vs. 10.0 \u00b1 2.5 mmol \u00b7 h\u22121 \u00b7 l\u22121, P &amp;lt; 0.0098). No serious adverse events were reported.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS\u2014Pramlintide, given at or just before a meal, reduces the postprandial glucose excursion in subjects with type 1 diabetes, regardless of whether added to regular insulin or a rapid-acting insulin analog.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.11.3074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,5]],"date-time":"2007-03-05T22:51:27Z","timestamp":1173135087000},"page":"3074-3079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Pramlintide Reduces Postprandial Glucose Excursions When Added to Regular Insulin or Insulin Lispro in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Weyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Gottlieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis D.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherwyn","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes and Glandular Disease Research Associates, San Antonio, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Studies, Ltd., Fort Lauderdale, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Ruggles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Orville G.","family":"Kolterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Maggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031214323367500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felig P, Tamborlane W, Sherwin RS, Genel M: Insulin-infusion pump for diabetes. 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