{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T04:49:33Z","timestamp":1784609373903,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE\u2014Due to a background of high prevalence of type 2 diabetes and the increasing rate of obesity occurring in relatively young urban children, we felt the need to look for type 2 diabetes in children.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS\u2014A study of cases of type 2 diabetes with age at diagnosis of \u226415 years seen at a diabetes speciality center in Chennai, India, is reported. A total of 18 children (5 boys and 13 girls) aged 9\u201315 years with insidious onset of diabetes responding to oral antidiabetic agents (ODAs) for periods from 2 months to 12 years were studied. Clinical details, anthropometry, and details of family history of diabetes were elicited. All of them were tested for the presence of anti-GAD65 antibodies and for pancreatic \u03b2-cell reserve by measuring serum C-peptide response (radioimmunoassay procedures).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS\u2014All children showed a response to ODAs, had good \u03b2-cell reserve (\u22650.6 pmol\/ml on stimulation), and negligible GAD65 antibodies indicating the presence of type 2 diabetes. The children were nonketotic; nine were obese, four had acanthosis nigricans, and one had polycystic ovary syndrome. Positive family history of diabetes was present in all cases.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS\u2014The clinical, immunological, and biochemical profile showed that the children had type 2 diabetes. The profile of type 2 diabetes was similar to that described in children in many other countries. Although less common than type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes in children is a condition that needs to be recognized and looked for in Asian-Indians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.4.1022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,5]],"date-time":"2007-03-05T22:51:27Z","timestamp":1173135087000},"page":"1022-1025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Type 2 Diabetes in Asian-Indian Urban Children"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ambady","family":"Ramachandran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Diabetes Research Centre and M.V. Hospital for Diabetes, WHO Collaborative Centre for Research, Education and Training in Diabetes, Departments of Diabetology, Royapuram, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chamukuttan","family":"Snehalatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Royapuram, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumpatla","family":"Satyavani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Royapuram, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selvaraj","family":"Sivasankari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Royapuram, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viswanathan","family":"Vijay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Diabetes Research Centre and M.V. Hospital for Diabetes, WHO Collaborative Centre for Research, Education and Training in Diabetes, Departments of Diabetology, Royapuram, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031216113958500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH: Global burden of diabetes, 1995\u20132025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care\u200821:1414\u20131431, 1998","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.9.1414"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Daisy Dharmaraj, Viswanathan M: Prevalence of glucose intolerance in Asian Indians: urban-rural difference and significance of upper body adiposity. Diabetes Care\u200815:1348\u20131355, 1992","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.15.10.1348"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Latha E, Vijay V, Viswanathan M: Rising prevalence of NIDDM in urban population in India. Diabetologia\u200840:232\u2013237, 1997","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050668"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Kapur A, Vijay V, Mohan V, Das AK, Rao PV, Yajnik CS, Prasanna KS, Nair JD: High prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India-National Urban Diabetes Survey (NUDS). Diabetologia\u200844:1094\u20131101, 2001","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250100627"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R5","unstructured":"Kutty VR, Soman CR, Joseph A, Pisharody R, Vijayakumar K: Type 2 diabetes in southern Kerala: variation in prevalence among geographic divisions within a region. Natl Med J India\u200813:287\u2013292, 2000"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group: UK Prospective Diabetes Study XII: differences between Asian, Afro-Caribbean and white Caucasian type 2 diabetic patients at diagnosis of diabetes. Diab Medicine\u200811:670\u2013677, 1994","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1994.tb00331.x"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohan V, Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Rema Mohan, Bharani G, Viswanathan M: High prevalence of maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) among Indians. Diabetes Care\u20088:371\u2013374, 1985","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.8.4.371"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drake AJ, Smith A, Betts PR, Crowne EC, Shield JPR: Type 2 diabetes in obese white children. Arch Dis Child\u200886:207\u2013208, 2002","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.86.3.207"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ehtisham S, Barrett TG, Shaw NJ: Type 2 diabetes mellitus in UK children-an emerging problem. Diab Medicine\u200817:867\u2013871, 2000","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2000.00409.x"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews DR, Wallace TM: Children with type 2 diabetes: the risks of complications. Horm Res\u200857:34\u201339, 2002","DOI":"10.1159\/000053310"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinha R, Fisch G, Teague B, Tamborlane WC, Banyas B, Allen K, Savoye M, Reiger V, Taksali S, Barbetta G, Sherwin RS, Carpio S: Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. N Engl J Med\u2008346:802\u2013810, 2002","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012578"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arslanian S: Type 2 diabetes in children: clinical aspects and risk factors. Horm Res\u200857:19\u201328, 2002","DOI":"10.1159\/000053308"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Engelgau MM, Burrows NR, Geiss LS, Valdez R, Beckles R, Saaddine J, Gregg EW, Williamson DF, Narayan KM: Type 2 diabetes among North American children and adolescents: an epidemiologic review and a public health perspective. J Pediatr\u2008136:664\u2013672, 2000","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.105141"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association: Type 2 Diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatrics\u2008105:671\u2013680, 2000","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.3.671"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Bowman BA, Marks JS, Koplan JP: The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991\u20131998. JAMA\u2008282:1519\u20131522, 1999","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.16.1519"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramachandran A, Vinitha R, Megha Thayyil, Sathish Kumar CK, Sheeba L, Joseph S, Vijay V: Prevalence of overweight in urban Indian adolescent school children. Diabetes Res Clin Prac\u200857:185\u2013190, 2002","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(02)00056-6"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R17","unstructured":"Swaminathan M: Principles of Nutrition and Dietetics. Appendices. Bangalore, India, Bangalore Printing and Publishing, 1993, p. 495"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagopian WA, Sanjeevi CB, Kockum I, Landin -Olsson M, Karlsen AE, Sundkvist G, Dahlquist G, Palmer J, Lernmark A: Glutamate decarboxylase-, insulin-, and islet cell-antibodies and HLA typing to detect diabetes in a general population-based study of Swedish children. J Clin Invest\u200895:1505\u20131511, 1995","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117822"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersen JS, Hejnaes KR, Moody A, Karlsen AE, Marshall MO, Hoier-Madsen M, Boel E, Michelsen BK, Dyrberg T: Detection of GAD65 antibodies in diabetes and other autoimmune disease using a simple radioligand assay. Diabetes\u200843:459\u2013467, 1994","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.43.3.459"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Satyavani K, Sivasankari S, Vijay V: GAD65 antibodies in classification of Asian Indian diabetic subjects with onset between 20 and 40 years. Diabetes Care\u200822:175\u2013176, 1999","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.1.175"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R21","unstructured":"Snehalatha C, Ramachandran A, Mohan V, Viswanathan M: Pancreatic beta cell response in insulin treated NIDDM patients limitations of a random C-peptide measurement. Diabete Metab\u200813:27\u201330, 1987"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madsbad S, Krarup T, McNair P, Christiansen C, Faber OK, Transbol I, Binder C: Practical clinical value of the C-peptide response to glucagon stimulation in the choice of treatment in diabetes mellitus. Acta Med Scand\u2008210:153\u2013156, 1981","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1981.tb09793.x"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R23","unstructured":"Kida K: Obesity and type II diabetes in childhood. In Proceedings of Diabetes in Asia, 2002. Colombo, Sri Lanka, Diabetes Association of Sri Lanka, 2002, p. 44"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bloomgarden ZT: New insights in obesity. Diabetes Care\u200825:789\u2013795, 2002","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.4.789"},{"key":"2022031216113958500_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snehalatha C, Ramachandran A: Insulin resistance in Asian Indians (Review Article). Pract Diab Inter\u200816:19\u201322, 1999","DOI":"10.1002\/pdi.1960160112"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/26\/4\/1022\/659443\/dc0403001022.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/26\/4\/1022\/659443\/dc0403001022.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T16:33:07Z","timestamp":1647102787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/26\/4\/1022\/23627\/Type-2-Diabetes-in-Asian-Indian-Urban-Children"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.26.4.1022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]]}}}