{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T17:29:06Z","timestamp":1773077346970,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE\u2014To describe longitudinal variations in pubertal hormonal variables in subjects with and without microalbuminuria (MA).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS\u2014Blood samples collected annually from subjects recruited at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and followed prospectively through puberty (median follow-up 9.3 years, range 4.7\u201312.8) were analyzed for total and free IGF-I, IGF binding protein-1, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and HbA1c. A total of 55 subjects who developed MA (MA+ group) were compared with 55 age-, sex-, and duration-matched control subjects who did not develop MA (MA\u2212 group).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS\u2014For female subjects, total IGF-I (MA+ 1.2 mU\/l vs. MA\u2212 1.4 mU\/l, P = 0.03) and free IGF-I levels (MA+ 1,767 ng\/l vs. MA\u2212 2010 ng\/l, P = 0.002) were lower, whereas the free androgen index (MA+ 2.4 vs. MA\u2212 2.0, P = 0.03) was higher in those with MA. These changes were less pronounced in male subjects. For both sexes, in a Cox model after adjusting for puberty, the presence of MA was associated with lower free IGF-I levels, higher testosterone standard deviation score (SDS), and poor glycemic control. We found that 22 of 55 case subjects (40%) developed persistent MA, whereas 33 (60%) had transient MA. In the persistent MA group compared with the transient and control groups, total IGF-I levels were lower (1.1 vs. 1.3 vs. 1.4 mU\/l, P = 0.002) as were free IGF-I levels (1,370.9 vs. 1,907.3 vs. 1,886.7 ng\/l, P &amp;lt; 0.001), whereas HbA1c levels were higher (11.8 vs. 10.3 vs. 9.9%, P &amp;lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS\u2014Poor glycemic control and differences in IGF-I levels and androgens, particularly in female subjects, accompany development of MA at puberty. These differences may in part account for the sexual dimorphism in MA risk during puberty and could relate to disease progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.5.1456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,5]],"date-time":"2007-03-05T22:51:27Z","timestamp":1173135087000},"page":"1456-1461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Low IGF-I and Elevated Testosterone During Puberty in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes Developing Microalbuminuria in Comparison to Normoalbuminuric Control Subjects"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Pediatrics, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Pediatrics, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Pediatrics, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Frystyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. Neil","family":"Dalton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children Nationwide Kidney Research Laboratory, Guy\u2019s Hospital, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Les","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, St Bartholomew\u2019s Hospital, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"\u00d8rskov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Dunger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Pediatrics, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031216463669500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viberti GC, Jarrett RJ, Keen H: Microalbuminuria as prediction of nephropathy in diabetics (Letter). 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