{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:35:50Z","timestamp":1790706950964,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE\u2014To evaluate differences in indexes of plasma glucose\/insulin homeostasis and cardiovascular disease risk factors among subjects with normal fasting glucose (NFG), impaired fasting glucose, or glucose intolerance. Although individuals with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentrations &amp;gt;5.4 mmol\/l but &amp;lt;6.1 mmol\/l have been shown to have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes over 5 years, little is known about glucose metabolism abnormalities in this population.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS\u2014We compared insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity using several indexes derived from an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 668 subjects from the Quebec Family Study who had varying degrees of FPG.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS\u2014There was a progressive decline in indexes of \u03b2-cell function and insulin sensitivity when moving from NFG to type 2 diabetes. Compared with subjects with low NFG (FPG &amp;lt;4.9 mmol\/l), subjects with high NFG (FPG 5.3\u20136.1 mmol\/l) were more insulin resistant (P &amp;lt; 0.01), had higher insulin and C-peptide responses during an OGTT (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and had reduced insulin secretion (corrected for insulin resistance). Subjects with high NFG were also characterized by higher plasma triglyceride levels and reduced HDL cholesterol concentrations and by a smaller LDL particle size. All these differences remained significant, even after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, and waist circumference. In addition, subjects with mid NFG (FPG 4.9\u20135.3 mmol\/l) were characterized by impaired insulin secretion, decreased insulin sensitivity, higher triglyceride concentrations, and lower HDL cholesterol concentrations compared with subjects with low NFG.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS\u2014Independent of age, sex, and adiposity, there are differences in indexes of plasma glucose\/insulin homeostasis and in cardiovascular risk factors among subjects with low, mid, and high NFG, suggesting the presence, in the upper normal glucose range, of abnormalities in glucose homeostasis, which may predispose to type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.10.2470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,5]],"date-time":"2007-03-05T22:51:27Z","timestamp":1173135087000},"page":"2470-2477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["What is a Normal Glucose Value?"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Marie-E\u0301ve","family":"Piche\u0301","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Institute, Laval University, Que\u0301bec, Canada"},{"name":"Lipid Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universite\u0301 Laval (CHUL) Research Center, Que\u0301bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Francois","family":"Arcand-Bosse\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Unit, CHUL Research Center, Que\u0301bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Despre\u0301s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipid Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universite\u0301 Laval (CHUL) Research Center, Que\u0301bec, Canada"},{"name":"Que\u0301bec Heart Institute, Laval Hospital Research Center, Que\u0301bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Pe\u0301russe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Division of Kinesiology, Laval University, Que\u0301bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Lemieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Institute, Laval University, Que\u0301bec, Canada"},{"name":"Lipid Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universite\u0301 Laval (CHUL) Research Center, Que\u0301bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. John","family":"Weisnagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipid Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universite\u0301 Laval (CHUL) Research Center, Que\u0301bec, Canada"},{"name":"Diabetes Research Unit, CHUL Research Center, Que\u0301bec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Division of Kinesiology, Laval University, Que\u0301bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031216011348900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus: Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care\u200820: 1183\u20131197, 1997","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.7.1183"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charles MA, Fontbonne A, Thibult N, Warnet JM, Rosselin GE, Eschwege E: Risk factors for NIDDM in white population: Paris Prospective Study. Diabetes\u200840:796\u2013799, 1991","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.40.7.796"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DECODE Study Group for the European Diabetes Epidemiology Study Group: Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetic Association diagnostic criteria. Lancet\u2008354:617\u2013621, 1999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)12131-1"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, Yusuf S: The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events: a metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes Care\u200822:233\u2013240, 1999","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.2.233"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ, Hodge AM, de Courten M, Dowse GK, Chitson P, Tuomilehto J, Alberti KGM: Impaired fasting glucose: how low should it go? Diabetes Care\u200823:34\u201339, 2000","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.1.34"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjornholt JV, Erikssen G, Aaser E, Sandvik L, Nitter-Hauge S, Jervell J, Erikssen J, Thaulow E: Fasting blood glucose: an underestimated risk factor for cardiovascular death: results from a 22-year follow-up of healthy nondiabetic men. Diabetes Care\u200822:45\u201349, 1999","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.1.45"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R7","unstructured":"Pratley RE, Weyer C, Bogardus C: Metabolic abnormalities in the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In Diabetes Mellitus. 2nd ed. LeRoith D, Taylor SI, Olefsky JM, Eds. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 2000, p. 548\u2013557"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pyorala K, Savolainen E, Lehtovirta E, Punsar S, Siltanen P: Glucose tolerance and coronary heart disease: Helsinki Policemen Study. J Chron Dis\u200832:729\u2013745, 1979","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(79)90052-3"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohlson LO, Svardsudd K, Welin L, Eriksson H, Wilhelmsen L, Tibblin G, Larsson B: Fasting blood glucose and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and all-cause mortality: a 17-year follow-up study of men born in 1913. Diabet Med\u20083:33\u201337, 1986","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1986.tb00702.x"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R10","unstructured":"Bouchard C: Genetics epidemiology, association, and sib-pair linkage: results from the Que\u0301bec Family Study. In Molecular and Genetic Aspects of Obesity. Bray GA, Ryan DH, Eds. Baton Rouge, LA, Louisiana State University Press, 1996, p. 470\u2013481"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pascot A, Despre\u0301s JP, Lemieux I, Bergeron J, Nadeau A, Prud\u2019homme D, Tremblay A, Lemieux S: Contribution of visceral obesity to the deterioration of the metabolic risk profile in men with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetologia\u200843:1126\u20131135, 2000","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051503"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R12","unstructured":"The Airlie (VA) Consensus Conference: Standardization of Anthropometric Measurements. Lohman T, Roche A, Martorel R, Eds. Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics Publishers, 1988, p. 39\u201380"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sjo\u0308stro\u0308m L, Kvist H, Cederblad A, Tylen U: Determination of total adipose tissue and body fat in women by computed tomography, 40K and tritium. Am J Physiol\u2008250:E736\u2013E745, 1986","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1986.250.6.E736"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferland M, Despre\u0301s JP, Tremblay A, Pineault S, Nadeau A, Moorjani S, Lupien PJ, The\u0301riault G, Bouchard C: Assessment of adipose tissue distribution by computed axial tomography in obese women: association with body density and anthropometric measurements. Br J Nutr\u200861:139\u2013148, 1989","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19890104"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stumvoll M, Mitrakou A, Pimenta W, Jenssen T, Yki-Jarvinen H, Van Haeften T, Renn W, Gerich J: Use of the oral glucose tolerance test to assess insulin release and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care\u200823:295\u2013301, 2000","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.3.295"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seltzer HS, Allen W, Herron AL, Brennan MT: Insulin secretion in response to glycemic stimulus: relation of delayed initial release to carbohydrate intolerance in mild diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest\u200846:323\u2013334, 1967","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105534"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanson RL, Pratley RE, Bogardus C, Narayan KM, Roumain JM, Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Bennett PH, Knowler WC: Evaluation of simple indices of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion for use in epidemiologic studies. Am J Epidemiol\u2008151:190\u2013198, 2000","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010187"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergstrom RW, Wahl PW, Leonetti DL, Fujimoto WY: Association of fasting glucose levels with a delayed secretion of insulin after oral glucose in subjects with glucose intolerance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab\u200871:1447\u20131453, 1990","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-71-6-1447"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC: Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia\u200828:412\u2013419, 1985","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cederholm J, Wibell L: Insulin release and peripheral sensitivity at the oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetes Res Clin Pract\u200810:167\u2013175, 1990","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(90)90040-Z"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA: Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with euglycemic insulin clamp. Diabetes Care\u200822:1462\u20131470, 1999","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.9.1462"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couillard C, Despres JP, Lamarche B, Bergeron J, Gagnon J, Leon AS, Rao DC, Skinner JS, Wilmore JH, Bouchard C: Effects of endurance exercise training on plasma HDL cholesterol levels depend on levels of triglycerides: evidence from men of the Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training and Genetics (HERITAGE) Family Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol\u200821:1226\u20131232, 2001","DOI":"10.1161\/hq0701.092137"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tchernof A, Lamarche B, Prud\u2019Homme D, Nadeau A, Moorjani S, Labrie F, Lupien PJ, Despres JP: The dense LDL phenotype: association with plasma lipoprotein levels, visceral obesity, and hyperinsulinemia in men. Diabetes Care\u200819:629\u2013637, 1996","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.6.629"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim DJ, Kim KW, Cho NH, Noh JH, Lee MS, Lee MK: The cutoff value of fasting plasma glucose to differenciate frequencies of cardiovascular risk factors in a Korean population. Diabetes Care\u200826:3354\u20133356, 2003","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.12.3354"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Resnick HE, Harris MI, Dwight BB, Harris TB: American Diabetes Association diabetes diagnosis criteria, advancing age, and cardiovascular disease risk profiles. Diabetes Care\u200823:176\u2013180, 2000","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.2.176"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei M, Gaskill SP, Haffner SM, Stern MP: Waist circumference as the best predictor of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) compared to body mass index, waist\/hip ratio and other anthropometric measurements in Mexican Americans: a 7-year prospective study. Obes Res\u20085:16\u201323, 1997","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00278.x"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones CNO, Pei D, Staris P, Plonsky KS, Chen YDI, Reaven GM: Alterations in the glucose-stimulated insulin secretory dose-response curve and in insulin clearance in nondiabetic insulin-resistant individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab\u200882:1834\u20131838, 1997","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.6.3979"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahn SE, Prigeon RL, McCulloch DK, Boyko EJ, Bergman RN, Schwartz MW, Neifing JL, Ward WK, Beard JC, Palmer JP, Porte D Jr: Quantification of the relationship between insulin sensitivity and \u03b2-cell function in human subjects: evidence for a hyperbolic function. Diabetes\u200842:1663\u20131672, 1993","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.42.11.1663"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reaven GM: The insulin resistance syndrome. Curr Atheroscler Rep\u20085:364\u2013371, 2003","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-003-0007-0"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pratley RE, Weyer C: The role of impaired early insulin secretion in the pathogenesis of type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia\u200844:929\u2013945, 2001","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250100580"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R31","unstructured":"Grodsky GM: Kinetics of insulin secretion: underlying metabolic events in diabetes mellitus. In Diabetes Mellitus: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. LeRoith D, Taylor SI, Olefsky JM, Eds. Philadelphia, Lippicott Williams & Wilkins, 2000, p. 2\u201311"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unwin N, Shaw J, Zimmet P, Alberti KG: Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glycaemia: the current status on definition and intervention. Diabet Med\u200819:708\u2013723, 2002","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2002.00835.x"},{"key":"2022031216011348900_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus: Summary of revisions for the 2004 Clinical Practice Recommendations. Diabetes Care\u200827 (Suppl. 1):S3\u2013S14, 2004","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.2007.S3"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/27\/10\/2470\/562037\/zdc01004002470.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/27\/10\/2470\/562037\/zdc01004002470.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T16:17:44Z","timestamp":1647101864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/27\/10\/2470\/23210\/What-is-a-Normal-Glucose-Value-Differences-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.27.10.2470","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]]}}}