{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T06:46:46Z","timestamp":1767854806798,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE\u2014 The purpose of this study was to assess the role of household conditions for the progression to diabetes in women with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS\u2014 A total of 461 women, aged 50\u201364 years, with IGT defined by an oral glucose tolerance test, had baseline advice on physical exercise, diet, smoking, and alcohol habits. Physical examination, blood tests, and questionnaires were completed at baseline and after 2.5 years. Household status was categorized into living alone or with a partner, other adults, or children.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS\u2014 Women living alone had a 2.68-fold increased risk (95% CI 1.02\u20137.05) of developing diabetes after adjustments for biological risk factors. Further stepwise adjustments for education, occupation, subjective mental health, exercise, diet, and alcohol showed remaining significant odds ratios (ORs), decreasing from 3.26 (1.19\u20138.96) to 3.03 (1.02\u20138.99). However, when smoking status was added, the OR became nonsignificant, 2.07 (0.62\u20136.88). More women who lived alone smoked and did not reduce their daily cigarette consumption compared with women in other household conditions. At follow-up, women living alone had reduced their alcohol consumption and were more often abstainers and fewer had healthy dietary habits or had improved their diet. Physical exercise did not differ among the groups. Separate analyses of any other household status did not show any excess risk for development of diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS\u2014 Women living alone had a higher risk to progress from IGT to diabetes, mostly explained by smoking, alcohol, and dietary habits. Household conditions should be accounted for when assessing future risk for diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.10.2531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,5]],"date-time":"2007-03-05T22:51:27Z","timestamp":1173135087000},"page":"2531-2536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Women Living Alone Have an Increased Risk to Develop Diabetes, Which Is Explained Mainly by Lifestyle Factors"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Jonas","family":"Lidfeldt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmo\u0308, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Nerbrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmo\u0308, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Go\u0308ran","family":"Samsioe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl-David","family":"Agardh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031215560306200_R1","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications: Report of a WHO Consultation. Part I: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Geneva, World Health Org., 1999"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Rastas M, Salminen V, Uusitupa M, Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group: Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med\u2008344: 1343\u20131350, 2001","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105033441801"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM, The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group: Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med\u2008346:393\u2013403, 2002","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012512"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmet P: Globalization, coca-colonization and the chronic disease epidemic: can the Doomsday scenario be averted? J Intern Med\u2008247:301\u2013310, 2000","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.00625.x"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lidfeldt J, Nyberg P, Nerbrand C, Samsioe G, Scherste\u0301n B, Agardh CD: Sociodemographic and psychosocial factors are associated with features of the metabolic syndrome: The Women\u2019s Health in the Lund Area (WHILA) study. Diabetes Obes Metab\u20085:106\u2013112, 2003","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-1326.2003.00250.x"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunner EJ, Marmot MG, Nanchahal K, Shipley MJ, Stansfeld SA, Juneja M, Alberti KG: Social inequality in coronary risk: central obesity and the metabolic syndrome: evidence from the Whitehall II study. Diabetologia\u200840:1341\u20131349, 1997","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050830"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arroyo C, Hu FB, Ryan LM, Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Manson J: Depressive symptoms and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care\u200827:129\u2013133, 2004","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.1.129"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tellez-Zenteno JF, Cardiel MH: Risk factors associated with depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Med Res\u200833:53\u201360, 2002","DOI":"10.1016\/S0188-4409(01)00349-6"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R9","unstructured":"Mortality by Education, Housing and Civil Status. BE51STO404. Statistics Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden, 2005"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yip PS, Thorburn J: Marital status and the risk of suicide: experience from England and Wales, 1982\u20131996. Psychol Rep\u200894:401\u2013407, 2004","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.94.2.401-407"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R11","unstructured":"Lidfeldt J, Nyberg P, Nerbrand C, Samsioe G, Scherste\u0301n B, Agardh CD: Well-educated single middle-aged women have a healthier lifestyle. Diabetes Res. In press"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R12","unstructured":"Lidfeldt J, Nyberg P, Nerbrand C, Samsioe G, Scherste\u0301n B, Agardh CD: Basic lifestyle advice induces favourable effects on glucose metabolism in high-risk middle-aged women, but is modified by socio-demographic conditions. Diabetes Res\u200838:9\u201321, 2004"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC: Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia\u200828:412\u2013419, 1985","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R14","unstructured":"Lidfeldt J, Nerbrand C, Samsioe G, Schersten B, Agardh CD: A screening procedure detecting high-yield candidates for OGTT. The Women\u2019s Health in the Lund Area (WHILA) study: a population based study of middle-aged Swedish women. Eur J Epidemiol\u200817:943\u2013951, 2001"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R15","unstructured":"Tibblin G, Tibblin B, Peciva S, Kullman S, Sva\u0308rdsudd K: \u201cThe Goteborg quality of life instrument\u201d: an assessment of well-being and symptoms among men born 1913 and 1923: methods and validity. Scand J Prim Health Care Suppl.\u20081:33\u201338, 1990"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gliksman MD, Kawachi I, Hunter D, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Hennekens CH: Childhood socioeconomic status and risk of cardiovascular disease in middle aged US women: a prospective study. J Epidemiol Community Health\u200849:10\u201315, 1995","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.49.1.10"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R17","unstructured":"Households Below Average Income 2002\/03, HBAI 1994\/95\u20132002\/03. London, Department for Work and Pensions, 2004"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agardh EE, Ahlbom A, Andersson T, Efendic S, Grill V, Hallqvist J, Norman A, Ostenson CG: Work stress and low sense of coherence is associated with type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Swedish women. Diabetes Care\u200826:719\u2013724, 2003","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.3.719"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown GC, Brown MM, Sharma S, Brown H, Gozum M, Denton P: Quality of life associated with diabetes mellitus in an adult population. J Diabetes Complications\u200814:18\u201324, 2000","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-8727(00)00061-1"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ha\u030akansson C, Svartvik L, Lidfeldt J, Nerbrand J, Samsioe G, Scherste\u0301n B, Nilsson PM: Self-related health in middle-aged women: associations with sense of coherence and socioeconomic and health-related factors. Scand J Occup Ther\u200810:99\u2013106, 2003","DOI":"10.1080\/11038120310009425"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R21","unstructured":"Rundberg J, Lidfeldt J, Nerbrand C, Samsioe G, Romelsjo\u0308 A, O\u0308jehagen A: Few middle-aged women with severe mental symptoms use psychotropic drugs: the Women\u2019s Health in the Lund Area (WHILA) study. Scand J Public Health. In press"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toljamo M, Hentinen M: Adherence to self-care and glycaemic control among people with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Adv Nurs\u200834:780\u2013786, 2001","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2001.01808.x"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Persson PG, Carlsson S, Svanstrom L, Ostenson CG, Efendic S, Grill V: Cigarette smoking, oral moist snuff use and glucose intolerance. J Intern Med\u2008248:103\u2013110, 2000","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.00708.x"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mensink M, Feskens EJ, Saris WH, De Bruin TW, Blaak EE: Study on Lifestyle Intervention and Impaired Glucose Tolerance Maastricht (SLIM): preliminary results after one year. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord\u200827:377\u2013384, 2003","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802249"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saladin R, De Vos P, Guerre-Millo M, Leturque A, Girard J, Staels B, Auwerx J: Transient increase in obese gene expression after food intake or insulin administration. Nature\u2008377:527\u2013529, 1995","DOI":"10.1038\/377527a0"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz MW, Prigeon RL, Kahn SE, Nicolson M, Moore J, Morawiecki A, Boyko EJ, Porte D Jr: Evidence that plasma leptin and insulin levels are associated with body adiposity via different mechanisms. Diabetes Care\u200820:1476\u20131481, 1997","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.9.1476"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajani UA, Hennekens CH, Spelsberg A, Manson JE: Alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among US male physicians. Arch Intern Med\u2008160:1025\u20131030, 2000","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.7.1025"},{"key":"2022031215560306200_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flanagan DE, Pratt E, Murphy J, Vaile JC, Petley GW, Godsland IF, Kerr D: Alcohol consumption alters insulin secretion and cardiac autonomic activity. Eur J Clin Invest\u200832:187\u2013192, 2002","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2002.00970.x"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/28\/10\/2531\/566667\/zdc01005002531.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/28\/10\/2531\/566667\/zdc01005002531.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T16:11:30Z","timestamp":1647101490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/28\/10\/2531\/24085\/Women-Living-Alone-Have-an-Increased-Risk-to"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.28.10.2531","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]]}}}