{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T22:52:40Z","timestamp":1789944760638,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE\u2014To assess the value of granulocyte colony\u2013stimulating factor (G-CSF) as adjunctive therapy for diabetic foot infections.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS\u2014We systematically searched the medical literature (including Medline, Embase, LookSmart, and the Cochrane Library) for prospective randomized studies that used G-CSF as an adjunct to standard treatment for diabetic foot infections. Using a conventional meta-analysis, we pooled the relative risks (RRs) for outcomes of interest, including resolution of infection, wound healing, duration of antibiotic therapy, and need for various surgical interventions, using a fixed-effects model.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS\u2014Five randomized trials, with a total of 167 patients, met our inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the studies was satisfactory. The investigators administered various G-CSF preparations parenterally for between 3 and 21 days. The meta-analysis revealed that adding G-CSF did not significantly affect the resolution of infection or the healing of the wounds but was associated with a significantly reduced likelihood of lower extremity surgical interventions (RR 0.38 [95% CI 0.20\u20130.69], number of patients who needed to be treated: 4.5), including amputation (0.41 [0.17\u20130.95], number of patients who needed to be treated: 8.6). There was no evidence of heterogeneity among the studies or of publication bias, suggesting that these conclusions are reasonably generalizable and robust.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS\u2014Adjunctive G-CSF treatment does not appear to hasten the clinical resolution of diabetic foot infection or ulceration but is associated with a reduced rate of amputation and other surgical procedures. The small number of patients who needed to be treated to gain these benefits suggests that using G-CSF should be considered, especially in patients with limb-threatening infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.2.454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,5]],"date-time":"2007-03-05T22:51:27Z","timestamp":1173135087000},"page":"454-460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Are Granulocyte Colony\u2013Stimulating Factors Beneficial in Treating Diabetic Foot Infections?"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Mario","family":"Cruciani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Preventive Medicine, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin A.","family":"Lipsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Internal Medicine Clinic, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Mengoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Histology, Microbiology, and Medical Biotechnology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"de Lalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031215551409600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moulik PK, Mtonga R, Gill GV: Amputation and mortality in new-onset diabetic foot ulcers stratified by etiology. 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