{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:38:50Z","timestamp":1791250730562,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychiatric factors such as depression, anxiety, and life stressors have been shown to negatively affect diabetes self-management and A1C in children and adolescents. However, less is known about how trauma exposure and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may affect type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the rates of trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms in patients aged 7\u201321 years with type 1 diabetes and to examine the relationships among trauma exposure, PTSD, anxiety, depression, and diabetes self-management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients underwent standardized psychiatric screening questionnaires during clinic visits. A1C at goal was defined as &amp;lt;7.0%, and behavioral adherence was defined as specific parameters of blood glucose monitoring. \u03c72 and Fisher exact tests were used to assess the relationships among trauma, PTSD, anxiety, and behavioral adherence. ANOVA was conducted to examine group differences between A1C and the presence of suicidal ideation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the participants, 38.4% (n = 99, mean age 13.8 \u00b1 3.5 years, 51.5% female) had trauma symptoms and functional impairment concerning for PTSD. Rates of trauma secondary to accidental injury, medical traumatic stress, natural disaster, and witness to family violence were 28.3, 22.2, 10.1, and 6.1%, respectively. Neither PTSD nor anxiety nor depression symptoms were associated with behavioral nonadherence (P = 0.546, P = 0.337, and P = 0.697, respectively), but the subscales for significant school avoidance and generalized anxiety disorders were associated with behavioral nonadherence (P = 0.023 and P = 0.032, respectively). Those who reported suicidal ideation had higher mean A1C than those who did not (A1C 8.9 vs. 8.3, P = 0.047).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although trauma was common among youth with type 1 diabetes, neither trauma nor PTSD was associated with changes to self-management. However, certain forms of anxiety and suicidal ideation were associated with poor self-management and higher A1C, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/ds21-0024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T15:20:16Z","timestamp":1638199216000},"page":"171-178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of Trauma and Anxiety on Adherence in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4151-3246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rishi","family":"Raj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Pikeville Medical Center, Pikeville, KY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba Morales","family":"Pozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan L.","family":"Marsac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, Lexington, KY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Vselvoshakaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, KY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7893-4335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy Lynn","family":"Meadows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022051722485726300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610187","article-title":"Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002\u20132012","volume":"376","author":"Mayer-Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022051722485726300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1959","article-title":"Most youth with type 1 diabetes in the T1D Exchange clinic registry do not meet American Diabetes Association or International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes clinical guidelines","volume":"36","author":"Wood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2022051722485726300_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S126","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-S012","article-title":"12. 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