{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:13:32Z","timestamp":1760984012946},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3751,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Intravenous insulin infusion partly improves liver glucose fluxes in type 1 diabetes (T1D). This study tests the hypothesis that continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) normalizes hepatic glycogen metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>T1D with poor glycemic control (T1Dp; HbA1c: 8.5 \u00b1 0.4%), T1D with improved glycemic control on CSII (T1Di; 7.0 \u00b1 0.3%), and healthy humans (control subjects [CON]; 5.2 \u00b1 0.4%) were studied. Net hepatic glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis were measured with in vivo 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Endogenous glucose production (EGP) and gluconeogenesis (GNG) were assessed with [6,6-2H2]glucose, glycogen phosphorylase (GP) flux, and gluconeogenic fluxes with 2H2O\/paracetamol.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>When compared with CON, net glycogen synthesis was 70% lower in T1Dp (P = 0.038) but not different in T1Di. During fasting, T1Dp had 25 and 42% higher EGP than T1Di (P = 0.004) and CON (P &amp;lt; 0.001; T1Di vs. CON: P = NS). GNG was 74 and 67% higher in T1Dp than in T1Di (P = 0.002) and CON (P = 0.001). In T1Dp, GP flux (7.0 \u00b1 1.6 \u03bcmol \u22c5 kg\u22121 \u22c5 min\u22121) was twofold higher than net glycogenolysis, but comparable in T1Di and CON (3.7 \u00b1 0.8 and 4.9 \u00b1 1.0 \u03bcmol \u22c5 kg\u22121 \u22c5 min\u22121). Thus T1Dp exhibited glycogen cycling (3.5 \u00b1 2.0 \u03bcmol \u22c5 kg\u22121 \u22c5 min\u22121), which accounted for 47% of GP flux.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Poorly controlled T1D not only exhibits augmented fasting gluconeogenesis but also increased glycogen cycling. Intensified subcutaneous insulin treatment restores these abnormalities, indicating that hepatic glucose metabolism is not irreversibly altered even in long-standing T1D.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,12]],"date-time":"2011-05-12T05:13:21Z","timestamp":1305177201000},"page":"1752-1758","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Postprandial and Fasting Hepatic Glucose Fluxes in Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Michaela","family":"Kacerovsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Portuguese Diabetes Association, Rua do Salitre, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Albrecht I.","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Barosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Lettner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Gertrud","family":"Kacerovsky-Bielesz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Szendroedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center (Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research), D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Metabolic Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University and University Clinics D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Chmelik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"MR Center of Excellence, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Nowotny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center (Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research), D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}]},{"given":"Visvanathan","family":"Chandramouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wolzt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Roden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karl-Landsteiner Institute for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center (Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research), D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Metabolic Diseases, Heinrich-Heine University and University Clinics D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031209140491000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118803","article-title":"Contributions of gluconeogenesis to glucose production in the fasted state","volume":"98","author":"Landau","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2022031209140491000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.2.185","article-title":"Contribution of hepatic glycogenolysis to glucose production in humans in response to a physiological increase in plasma glucagon concentration","volume":"44","author":"Magnusson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022031209140491000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117727","article-title":"Impaired net hepatic glycogen synthesis in insulin-dependent diabetic subjects during mixed meal ingestion. 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