{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T08:08:05Z","timestamp":1789373285080,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MJS Publishing, Medical Journals Sweden AB","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ActaO"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and purpose:\u00a0Interphalangeal joint arthrodesis of the hand is a common procedure, but data on outcomes and complications is limited. We aimed to determine the non-union rate, evaluate risk factors for non-union, and investigate the frequency and distribution of complications across different fixation methods.Methods:\u00a0We retrospectively reviewed all interphalangeal joint arthrodeses performed between 2014 and 2022. Union and non-union were defined clinically and\/or radiographically. Potential risk factors for non-union were evaluated by logistic regression with cluster-robust standard errors accounting for clustering of multiple arthrodeses within patients.Results:\u00a0After exclusions, 366 arthrodeses in 289 patients with \u2265 2 years of follow-up were analyzed. The median age was 63 years (interquartile range [IQR] 57\u201372) among women and 58 years (IQR 41\u201369) among men. Non-union occurred in 20 of 366 arthrodeses (5.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.6\u20138.3). Men had higher odds of non-union than women, but the difference was not statistically significant (OR 2.43, CI 0.98\u20136.01); no other characteristic was associated with non-union. Hardware-related complications were frequent, particularly following fixation with K-wires and cerclage, and resulted in hardware removal in 47% of cases. Other complications included superficial infections in 7% of cases, deep infections in 4%, and malunion in 4%.Conclusion:\u00a0Elective interphalangeal joint arthrodesis was associated with a non-union rate of 5.5% (CI 3.6\u20138.3) and few major complications; however, hardware-related problems were frequent and commonly hardware removal was required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2340\/17453674.2026.46627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T07:43:36Z","timestamp":1789371816000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-union rates and complications after elective interphalangeal joint arthrodesis of the hand: a cohort study of 366 arthrodeses in 289 patients"],"prefix":"10.2340","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8960-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Lindberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Sand-Uhl\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Clementson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0783-5591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnus","family":"T\u00e4gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak Bushan","family":"Raina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Brogren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1183","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"168051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Straszewski A, Wolf J. Osteoarthritis of the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand. In: Plastic surgery. New York: DeckerMed; 2020. doi: 10.2310\/PS.10083.","DOI":"10.2310\/PS.10083"},{"key":"168052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvano P, Pantzar-Castilla E, Lundqvist E. Arthrodesis of distal interphalangeal and thumb interphalangeal joint: a retrospective cohort study of 149 cases. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25(1): 258. doi: 10.1186\/s12891-024-07361-w.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07361-w"},{"key":"168053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heinonen A, Lepp\u00e4nen O, Huhtala H, Karjalainen T, Jokihaara J. Factors influencing bone union in finger distal interphalangeal and thumb interphalangeal joint arthrodesis. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol 2020; 25(02): 184-91. doi: 10.1142\/S2424835520500216.","DOI":"10.1142\/S2424835520500216"},{"key":"168054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beldner S, Polatsch D B. Arthrodesis of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the hand: current concepts. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2016; 24(5): 290-7. doi: 10.5435\/JAAOS-D-15-00033.","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-15-00033"},{"key":"168055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Runkel A, Bonaventura B, Sundermann B, Zajonc H, Eisenhardt S, Leibig N. Risk factors in distal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis in the hand: a retrospective study of 173 cases. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2022; 47(9): 907-14. doi: 10.1177\/17531934221111641.","DOI":"10.1177\/17531934221111641"},{"key":"168056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faulkner H, An V, Lawson R D, Graham D J, Sivakumar B S. Proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis techniques: a systematic review. Hand (N Y) 2023; 18(1): 74-9. doi: 10.1177\/1558944721998019.","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944721998019"},{"key":"168057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickson D R, Mehta S S, Nuttall D, Ng C Y. A systematic review of distal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis. J Hand Microsurg 2014; 6(2): 74-84. doi: 10.1007\/s12593-014-0163-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12593-014-0163-1"},{"key":"168058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millrose M, Gesslein M, Ittermann T, Kim S, Vonderlind H C, Ruettermann M. Arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the finger: a systematic review. EFORT Open Rev 2022; 7(1): 49-58. doi: 10.1530\/EOR-21-0102.","DOI":"10.1530\/EOR-21-0102"},{"key":"168059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rigot S K, Diaz-Garcia R, Debski R E, Fowler J. Biomechanical analysis of internal fixation methods for distal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis. Hand (N Y) 2016; 11(2): 221-6. doi: 10.1177\/1558944715627211.","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944715627211"},{"key":"168060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vedel J-C, Jorgensen R W, Jensen C H. Arthrodesis of the distal interphalangeal joint and the thumb interphalangeal joint: a retrospective comparison of Kirschner wires and the Acutrak 2 headless compression screw. Open Orthop J 2019; 13: 166-9. doi: 10.2174\/1874325001913010166.","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325001913010166"},{"key":"168061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woo S H, Kwak S H, Jang H S, Kim D H, Seo J H, Lee S H. Distal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis with nonaxial multiple small screws: a biomechanical analysis with axial headless compression screw and clinical result of 15 consecutive cases. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23(1): 504. doi: 10.1186\/s12891-022-05473-9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05473-9"},{"key":"168062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heineman N, Do D H, Ahn J, Sammer D M, Koehler D M. Biomechanical analysis of headless compression screw versus tension band wiring for proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis. J Hand Surg Am 2025; 50(5): 625.e1-625.e8. doi: 10.1016\/j.jhsa.2024.01.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2024.01.007"},{"key":"168063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Almeida Y K, Athlani L, Dap F, Dautel G. Distal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis using the X-Fuse implant: a retrospective study of 54 fingers with 24 months\u2019 follow-up. Hand Surg Rehabil 2019; 38(3): 186-90. doi: 10.1016\/j.hansur.2019.01.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2019.01.001"},{"key":"168064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barabas P, Pavli\u010dn\u00fd R. Arthrodesis of the distal interphalangeal joint of the finger using an intramedullary implant. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech 2024; 91(5): 282-8. doi: 10.55095\/achot2024\/047.","DOI":"10.55095\/achot2024\/047"},{"key":"168065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renault A, Maximen J, Ebalard M, Mevel G, Ropars M, Dreano T. Arthrodesis of distal interphalangeal joints using X-Fuse implant: a five-year retrospective study of 64 fingers. Acta Orthop Belg 2025; 91(1): 77-83. doi: 10.52628\/91.1.13284.","DOI":"10.52628\/91.1.13284"},{"key":"168066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satteson E S, Langford M A, Li Z. The management of complications of small joint arthrodesis and arthroplasty. Hand Clin 2015; 31(2): 243-66. doi: 10.1016\/j.hcl.2015.01.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2015.01.002"}],"container-title":["Acta Orthopaedica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/actaorthop.org\/actao\/article\/download\/46627\/55429","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/actaorthop.org\/actao\/article\/download\/46627\/55466","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/actaorthop.org\/actao\/article\/download\/46627\/55467","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/actaorthop.org\/actao\/article\/download\/46627\/55429","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T07:43:53Z","timestamp":1789371833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/actaorthop.org\/actao\/article\/view\/46627"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":16,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/17453674.2026.46627","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-3682","1745-3674"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-3682","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1745-3674","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]}}}