{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:46:28Z","timestamp":1793119588041,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Medical Journals Sweden AB","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Derm Venereol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Body dysmorphic disorder is a mental health disorder characterized by a preoccupation with a perceived flaw, which is commonly seen among dermatology patients. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of body dysmorphic disorder and assess self-esteem among a clinical sample of adolescents and young adults being managed for acne vulgaris. A total of 105 patients, age range 13\u201324 years, receiving acne treatment at 1 of 2 dermatology outpatient clinic were included. A self-report questionnaire was used, which included a body dysmorphic disorder screening tool (based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Acne was graded with the Cook\u2019s acne grading scale. Out of 105 adolescents and young adults visiting a dermatologist due to acne, 13 (12.4%) screened positive for body dysmorphic disorder (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 6.8\u201320.2%). Patients with body dysmorphic disorder were more likely to have female gender (p\u2009=\u20090.020) and had lower self-esteem (RSES 15.8 vs 20.5, respectively, p\u2009=\u20090.013) compared with patients without body dysmorphic disorder. No differences were found in the frequency of body dysmorphic disorder with DSM-IV or DSM-5 criteria. This is the first study to report on the frequency of body dysmorphic disorder and self-esteem in adolescents and young adults with acne. Ultimately, more awareness of body dysmorphic disorder among adolescents and young adults presenting with dermatological disorders could lead to more rapid recognition and referral to psychiatric units.\u00a0<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v103.6232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T04:40:00Z","timestamp":1694666400000},"page":"adv6232","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Self-esteem in Adolescents and Young Adults with Acne Vulgaris"],"prefix":"10.2340","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Benjamin G.","family":"Tros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick M.J.H.","family":"Kemperman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Kuckulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Hoekzema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nienke C.C.","family":"Vulink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1183","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"38044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veale D. Body dysmorphic disorder. Postgrad Med J 2004; 80: 67-71.","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.2003.015289"},{"key":"38045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/pmj.2003.015289","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.2003.015289"},{"key":"38046","unstructured":"Battle DE. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Codas 2013; 25: 191-192."},{"key":"38047","unstructured":"Phillips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder: clinical features, Uptodate, 2022. [Accessed June 1, 2022] Available from: https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/body-dysmorphic-disorder-clinical-features."},{"key":"38048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider SC, Turner CM, Storch EA, Hudson JL. Body dysmorphic disorder symptoms and quality of life: the role of clinical and demographic variables. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord 2019; 21: 1-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2018.11.002"},{"key":"38049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocrd.2018.11.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2018.11.002"},{"key":"38050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips KA. Suicidality in body dysmorphic disorder. Prim psychiatry 2007; 14: 58-66.","DOI":"10.1037\/e721432007-007"},{"key":"38051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/e721432007-007","DOI":"10.1037\/e721432007-007"},{"key":"38052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong K, Nezgovorova V, Uzunova G, Schlussel D, and Hollander E. Pharmacological treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17: 697-702.","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X16666180426153940"},{"key":"38053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1570159X16666180426153940","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X16666180426153940"},{"key":"38054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rautio D, Gumpert M, Jassi A, Krebs G, Flygare O, Andren P, et al. Effectiveness of multimodal treatment for young people with body dysmorphic disorder in two specialist clinics. Behav Ther 2022; 53: 1037-1049.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2022.04.010"},{"key":"38055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beth.2022.04.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2022.04.010"},{"key":"38056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips KA, Didie ER, Menard W. Clinical features and correlates of major depressive disorder in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder,. J Affect Disord 2007; 97: 129-135.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.06.006"},{"key":"38057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2006.06.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.06.006"},{"key":"38058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dennin MH, Lee MS. Body dysmorphic disorder in pediatric dermatology. Pediatr Dermatol 2018; 35: 868-874.","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13581"},{"key":"38059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pde.13581","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13581"},{"key":"38060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjornsson AS, Didie ER, Phillips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2010; 12: 221-232.","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2010.12.2\/abjornsson"},{"key":"38061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31887\/DCNS.2010.12.2\/abjornsson","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2010.12.2\/abjornsson"},{"key":"38062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angelakis I, Gooding PA, Panagioti M. Suicidality in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD): a systematic review with meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 49: 55-66.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.08.002"},{"key":"38063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.08.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.08.002"},{"key":"38064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro RVE. Frequency of body dysmorphic disorder in plastic surgery and dermatology patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2017; 41: 964-970.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-017-0869-0"},{"key":"38065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00266-017-0869-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-017-0869-0"},{"key":"38066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castle DJ, Phillips KA, Dufresne RG. Body dysmorphic disorder and cosmetic dermatology: more than skin deep. J Cosmet Dermatol 2004; 3: 99-103.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2130.2004.00105.x"},{"key":"38067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1473-2130.2004.00105.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473-2130.2004.00105.x"},{"key":"38068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marron SE, Gracia-Caza\u00f1a T, Miranda-Sivelo A, Lamas-Diaz S, Tomas-Aragones L. Screening for body dysmorphic disorders in acne patients: a pilot study. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2019; 110: 28-32.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2018.11.001"},{"key":"38069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ad.2018.08.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2018.08.001"},{"key":"38070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotterill JA. Body dysmorphic disorder. Dermatol Clin 1996; 14: 457-463.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(05)70373-9"},{"key":"38071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0733-8635(05)70373-9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(05)70373-9"},{"key":"38072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins S, Wysong A. Cosmetic surgery and body dysmorphic disorder - an update. Int J Womens Dermatol 2018; 4: 43-48.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2017.09.007"},{"key":"38073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijwd.2017.09.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2017.09.007"},{"key":"38074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McClure AC, Tanski SE, Kingsbury J, Gerrard M, Sargent SD. Characteristics associated with low self-esteem among US adolescents. Acad Pediatr 2010; 10: 238-244.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2010.03.007"},{"key":"38075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acap.2010.03.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2010.03.007"},{"key":"38076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang F, Veugelers PJ. Self-esteem and cognitive development in the era of the childhood obesity epidemic. Obes Rev 2008; 9: 615-623.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2008.00507.x"},{"key":"38077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2008.00507.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2008.00507.x"},{"key":"38078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallitano SM, Berson DS. How acne bumps cause the blues: the influence of acne vulgaris on self-esteem. Int J Womens Dermatol 2018; 4: 12-17.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2017.10.004"},{"key":"38079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijwd.2017.10.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2017.10.004"},{"key":"38080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuck N, Cafitz L, Burkner PC, Hoppen L, Wilhelm S, Buhlmann U. Body dysmorphic disorder and self-esteem: a meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21: 310.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03185-3"},{"key":"38081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03185-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03185-3"},{"key":"38082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerea S, Bottesi G, Grisham JR, Ghisi M. Body dysmorphic disorder and its associated psychological and psychopathological features in an Italian community sample. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2018; 22: 206-214.","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2017.1393545"},{"key":"38083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13651501.2017.1393545","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2017.1393545"},{"key":"38084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques LC, B\u00fcrkner L. The relationship between perceived social support and severity of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms: the role of gender. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2011; 33: 238-244.","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462011005000010"},{"key":"38085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1516-44462011000300006","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462011000300006"},{"key":"38086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartmann AS, Lyons N. Body dysmorphic disorder. Wiley Handb Obs Compuls Disord 2017; 8: 774-789.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118890233.ch43"},{"key":"38087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118890233.ch43","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118890233.ch43"},{"key":"38088","unstructured":"Rood van Y, Wijk N. Validation of the Body Dysmorphic Screener of DSM-5 criteria (BDDS-5) 2019. Available from: https:\/\/studenttheses.uu.nl\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.12932\/35704\/Wyk,%20van%20(4121309)%20thesis.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"38089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg M. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). APA PsycTests 1965.","DOI":"10.1037\/t01038-000"},{"key":"38090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t01038-000","DOI":"10.1037\/t01038-000"},{"key":"38091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook CH, Centner RL, Michaels SE. An acne grading method using photographic standards. Arch Dermatol 1979; 115: 571-575.","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.115.5.571"},{"key":"38092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archderm.1979.04010050005003","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1979.04010050005003"},{"key":"38093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veale D, Gledhill LJ, Christodoulou P, Hodsoll J. Body dysmorphic disorder in different settings: a systematic review and estimated weighted frequency. Body Image 2016; 18: 168-186.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2016.07.003"},{"key":"38094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2016.07.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2016.07.003"},{"key":"38095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schieber K, Kollei I, de Zwaan M, Martin A. Classification of body dysmorphic disorder - what is the advantage of the new DSM-5 criteria? J Psychosom Res 2015; 78: 223-227.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2015.01.002"},{"key":"38096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2015.01.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2015.01.002"},{"key":"38097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marron SE et al. Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with acne: a multicentre study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34: 370-376.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15954"},{"key":"38098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.15954","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15954"},{"key":"38099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan J, Grogan S, Clark-Carter D, Richards H, Yates VM. The individual health burden of acne: appearance-related distress in male and female adolescents and adults with back, chest and facial acne. J Health Psychol 2009; 14: 1105-1118.","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105309342470"},{"key":"38100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1359105309342470","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105309342470"},{"key":"38101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franzke N, Zimmer L, Schafer I, Radermacher C, Kresken J, Augustin M. Quality of medical care of patients with acne vulgaris in Germany-nationwide survey of pharmacy clients. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2009; 7: 1060-1063.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2009.07155.x"},{"key":"38102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2009.07155.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2009.07155.x"},{"key":"38103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mollmann A, Dietel F, Hunger A, Buhlmann U, Frequency of body dysmorphic disorder and associated features in German adolescents: a self-report survey. Psychiatry Res 2017; 254: 263-267.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.04.063"},{"key":"38104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.04.063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.04.063"}],"container-title":["Acta Dermato-Venereologica"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/medicaljournalssweden.se\/actadv\/article\/download\/6232\/22512","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/medicaljournalssweden.se\/actadv\/article\/download\/6232\/22512","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T04:40:22Z","timestamp":1694666422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/medicaljournalssweden.se\/actadv\/article\/view\/6232"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"references-count":61,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/actadv.v103.6232","relation":{},"ISSN":["1651-2057","0001-5555"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1651-2057","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0001-5555","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]}}}