{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T07:59:04Z","timestamp":1747209544776,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MJS Publishing, Medical Journals Sweden AB","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AOS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To estimate radiation risk to children and adolescents during orthodontic treatment by retrieving number and type of radiographs from the patient records. Material and methods: Radiographs, along with justifications for radiation exposure, were obtained retrospectively from the patient records of 1,790 children and adolescents referred to two Swedish orthodontic clinics. Data were grouped according to treatment stage: treatment planning, treatment, and follow-up. Estimated risk was calculated using the concept of effective dose. Results: Each patient had received around seven radiographs for orthodontic purposes. The most common exposures during treatment planning were one panoramic, one lateral, and three intraoral periapical radiographs. A small number of patients received a tomographic examination (8.2%). Few justifications for treatment planning and follow-up, but more in the actual treatment stage, had been recorded. The most common examinations were to assess root resorption and the positions of unerupted teeth, or simply carry out an unspecified control. The estimated risk of developing fatal cancer was considered low. The radiation risk from orthodontic treatment was equivalent to about 5\u201310 days of natural background radiation. Conclusions: Children and adolescents sometimes undergo multiple radiographic examinations, but despite the low radiation burden, accumulated radiation exposure should be considered and justified in young patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2340\/aos.v83.40571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T07:32:59Z","timestamp":1715758379000},"page":"296-301","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Radiation exposure during orthodontic treatment: risk to children and adolescents"],"prefix":"10.2340","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7084-491X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Stervik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2068-8709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agneta","family":"Lith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1356-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annika","family":"Ekestubbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1183","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"60410","unstructured":"SBU. Bettavvikelser och tandreglering i ett h\u00e4lsoperspektiv. En systematisk litteratur\u00f6versikt. Stockholm: Statens beredning f\u00f6r medicinsk utv\u00e4rdering (SBU); 2005. SBU-rapport nr 176."},{"key":"60411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohlin B, Domgaard P, Egermark I, et al. H\u00e4lsorisker vid obehandlade malocklusioner. Tandl\u00e4kartidningen. 2007:99(2):40\u20135.","DOI":"10.56373\/2007-1-7"},{"key":"60412","unstructured":"Statistics Sweden. (Statistiska Centralbyr\u00e5n (SCB)) [Inteernet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se\/pxweb\/sv\/ssd\/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101A\/BefolkningNy\/ [cited 2023 Nov 28]"},{"key":"60413","unstructured":"Isaacson KG, Thom AR, Atack NE, et al. Guidelines for the use of radiographs in clinical orthodontics [Internet]. 2015. Available from: https:\/\/www.bos.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Orthodontic-Radiographs-2016-2.pdf [cited 2023 Nov 28]"},{"key":"60414","unstructured":"Bruks A, Enberg K, Nordqvist I, et al. Radiographic examinations as an aid to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Swed Dent J. 1999;23(2\u20133):77\u201385."},{"key":"60415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stervik C, Lith A, Westerlund A, et al. Choice of radiography in orthodontic treatment on children and adolescents: a questionnaire\u2010based study performed in Sweden. Eur J Oral Sci. 2021;129(4):e12796. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eos.12796","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12796"},{"key":"60416","unstructured":"European Commission. Radiation protection No.136. European guidelines in dental practice. 2004. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2004. Luxemburg. ISBN 92-894-5958-1"},{"key":"60417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattsson Granlund CM, Lith A, Molander B, et al. Frequency of errors and pathology in panoramic images of young orthodontic patients. Eur J Orthodontics. 2012;34(4):452\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/cjr035","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjr035"},{"key":"60418","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ICRP. The 2007 recommendation of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Ann ICRP. 2007;37:1\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.icrp.2008.07.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icrp.2008.07.001"},{"key":"60419","unstructured":"The National Board of Health and Welfare. (Socialstyrelsen), Nationella riktlinjer f\u00f6r tandv\u00e5rd. St\u00f6d f\u00f6r styrning och ledning 2022 [Interenet]. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.socialstyrelsen.se\/globalassets\/sharepoint-dokument\/artikelkatalog\/nationella-riktlinjer\/2022-9-8114.pdf [cited 2023 Nov 28]"},{"key":"60420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granlund C, Thilander-Klang A, Ylhan B, et al. Absorbed organ and effective doses from digital intra-oral and panoramic radiography applying the ICRP 103 recommendations for effective dose estimations. Br J Radiol. 2016;89(1066):20151052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.20151052","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20151052"},{"key":"60421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ludlow JB, Davies-Ludlow LE, White SC. Patient risk related to common dental radiographic examinations: the impact of 2007 International Commission on Radiological Protection recommendations regarding dose calculation. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139(9):1237\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0339","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0339"},{"key":"60422","unstructured":"European Commission. Radiation protection No. 172. Cone beam CT for dental and maxillofacial radiology [Internet]. 2012 [cited 05-05-2021]. Available from: https:\/\/www.sedentexct.eu\/content\/guidelines-cbct-dental-and-maxillofacial-radiology"},{"key":"60423","unstructured":"ICRP. The 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP publicatio 60. Ann ICRP. 1990;21:1\u2013212."},{"key":"60424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raelson CA, Kanal KM, Vavilala MS, et al. Radiation dose and excess risk of cancer in children undergoing neuroangiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(6):1621\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.09.2352","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.2352"},{"key":"60425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. UNSCEAR. Effects of ionizing radiation 2006 Report, Volume 1 \u2013 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes A and B. United Nations Publication. New York 2008. ISBN 978-92-1-142263-4","DOI":"10.18356\/98451a03-en"},{"key":"60426","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svenson B, St\u00e5hlnacke K, Karlsson R, et al. 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