{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:53:06Z","timestamp":1774659186503,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MJS Publishing, Medical Journals Sweden AB","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AOS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study aimed to compare time-dependent changes in fractal dimension (FD) and periapical index (PAI) values of periapical trabecular bone in the lesion areas following single- and multi-visit end-odontic treatments using different intracanal medicaments.\nMaterial and Methods: Data from 62 mandibular molars treated between March and December 2023 were analyzed and assigned to three groups: Group 1, multi-visit treatment with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)\u2082] (n = 20); Group 2, multi-visit treatment with chlorhexidine (CHX) gel (n = 21); and Group 3, single-visit treat-ment without medicament (n = 21). Follow-up data were collected until December 2024. Three periapical radiographs, baseline, 6-months, and 12 months after treatment, were evaluated. Fractal analysis was per-formed on a region of interest (ROI) near the infected root apex, and periapical healing was also assessed using PAI scores. PAI scores were compared using the Kruskal\u2013Wallis test; FD values and their correlation with PAI were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Spearman\u2019s test. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square and Fisher\u2013Freeman\u2013Halton tests.\nResults: PAI scores significantly decreased in all groups at 6 and 12 months compared with baseline (p &lt; 0.001), with no intergroup differences (p &gt; 0.05). FD values significantly increased over time in all groups (p &lt; 0.001). The magnitude of FD change and gender-related differences were not significant (p &gt; 0.05). No correlation was observed between PAI and FD values (p &gt; 0.05).\nConclusions: Single- and multi-visit endodontic treatments resulted in similar periapical healing out-comes. The type of intracanal medicament did not influence FD or PAI values. Fractal analysis is a valuable, noninvasive tool for assessing periapical bone healing over time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2340\/aos.v84.45201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T06:33:40Z","timestamp":1766471620000},"page":"634-642","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessment of fractal dimension changes in periapical trabecular patterns following single-visit and multi-visit nonsurgical endodontic treatment with different medicaments: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.2340","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Hikmet Kaan","family":"Kirci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emrah","family":"Karataslioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1183","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"136682","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shuping GB, Orstavik D, Sigurdsson A, Trope M. 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