{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:18:40Z","timestamp":1777983520061,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MJS Publishing, Medical Journals Sweden AB","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AOS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, spatial patterns, and craniofacial skeletal associations of impacted maxillary canines using panoramic and cephalometric analyses in a large patient cohort.\nMaterials and methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated 9593 panoramic radiographs of individuals aged \u2265\u200914 years. Cephalometric analysis was achieved on subjects aged \u2265\u200918 years with skeletal maturity (Cervical Vertebral Maturation Index stage \u2265\u20096), comparing 94 cases with maxillary impacted canines (MIC) to 100 age- and sex-matched controls. Positional measurements (sector, depth, and angulation) were compared with skeletal patterns using independent t-tests, analysis of variance, and chi-square tests (\u03b1 = 0.05).\nResults: Analysis revealed a maxillary canine impaction prevalence of 2.02%, with a significant female predilection (54.1%) and a maxilla-to-mandible ratio of 4:1. The predominant spatial pattern was mesioangular inclination (67%) in Sector 0 (35.2%) at coronal depth (54.1%). Compared to controls, MIC cases exhibited significant maxillary skeletal deficiency (e.g., anterior nasal spine \u2013 posterior nasal spine [ANS-PNS]: 50.1 \u00b1 5.1 mm vs. 53.1 \u00b1 3.7 mm; p &lt; 0.001) and vertical hyperdivergence (Sella-Nasion to Gonion-Gnathion angle [SN-GoGn]: 32.8\u00b0 \u00b1 6.2 vs. 29.8\u00b0 \u00b1 6.4; p = 0.001). Upper incisor inclination showed no intergroup difference.\nConclusions: Maxillary canine impaction is strongly associated with maxillary skeletal deficiencies and vertical growth discrepancies. The common finding of mesioangular impactions in Sector 0 at coronal depth indicates a high risk for adjacent root resorption. We recommend incorporating cephalometric screening (focusing on ANS-PNS &lt; 50 mm and SN-GoGn &gt;\u200932\u00b0) into early adolescent assessments to identify at-risk patients and guide timely interceptive strategies such as maxillary expansion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2340\/aos.v85.45907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T11:13:45Z","timestamp":1777979625000},"page":"238-244","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of impacted canine patterns and correlations with craniofacial discrepancy"],"prefix":"10.2340","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Salma","family":"Abbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lale","family":"Taner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Orhan","family":"\u00d6zdiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erhan","family":"\u00d6zdiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1183","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"154304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroder AGD, Guariza-Filho O, de Araujo CM, Ruellas AC, Tanaka OM, Porporatti AL. To what extent are impacted canines associated with root resorption of the adjacent tooth?: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Am Dent Assoc. 2018;149(9):765\u201377.e8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2018.05.012"},{"key":"154305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhammadi K, Marashdeh H, Hussain M. Assessing the effect of innovation diffusion and technology readiness theories on attitude, behavioral intention and implementation of smart learning. Cross Cult Strateg Manag. 2023;30:657\u201375.","DOI":"10.1108\/CCSM-12-2022-0213"},{"key":"154306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"d\u2019Apuzzo F, Fabiani G, Raucci G, De Gregorio F, D\u2019Anna T, Perillo L. Problematiche associate all\u2019inclusione del canino mascellare. Dental Cadmos. 2015 Feb 1;83(2):70-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-8524(15)70269-2"},{"key":"154307","unstructured":"Graber LW, Vig KW, Vanarsdall RL, Huang GJ. Ortodoncia: principios y t\u00e9cnicas actuales. Barcelona: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017."},{"key":"154308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindauer SJ, Rubenstein LK, Hang WM, Andersen WC, Isaacson RJ. Canine impaction identified early with panoramic radiographs. J Am Dent Assoc. 1992;123(3):91\u20137.","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1992.0069"},{"key":"154309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ericson S, Kurol J. Radiographic examination of ectopically erupting maxillary canines. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthoped. 1987;91(6):483\u201392.","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(87)90005-9"},{"key":"154310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Athanasiou M, Papadopoulou CI, Alamoudi R, Halazonetis D, Verna C, Gkantidis N, et al. Palatal canine impaction is associated with craniofacial shape in humans. Eur J Orthod. 2024;46(6):cjae051.","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjae051"},{"key":"154311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercuri E, Cassetta M, Cavallini C, Vicari D, Leonardi R, Barbato E. Skeletal features in patient affected by maxillary canine impaction. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2013;18(4):e597\u2013602.","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.18746"},{"key":"154312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montes-D\u00edaz ME, Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez A, Arriazu-Navarro R, Alvarado-Lorenzo A, Gallardo-L\u00f3pez NE, Ortega-Aranegui R. Skeletal and dental morphological characteristics of the maxillary in patients with impacted canines using cone beam computed tomography: a retrospective clinical study. J Pers Med. 2022;12(1):96.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12010096"},{"key":"154313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicek O, Gurel T, Demir Cicek B. Investigation of the relationship of impacted maxillary canines with orthodontic malocclusion: a retrospective study. Children. 2023;10(6):950.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10060950"},{"key":"154314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara JA, Jr, editors. The cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics. Semin Orthod. 2005;11(3):119\u201329.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2005.04.005"},{"key":"154315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang K-T. Management of maxillary impacted canines. J Korean Acad Pedtatr Dent. 2023;50:142\u201354.","DOI":"10.5933\/JKAPD.2023.50.2.142"},{"key":"154316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koc N, Dogru HB, Cagirankaya LB, Dural S, van der Stelt PF. CBCT assessment of gubernacular canals in relation to eruption disturbance and pathologic condition associated with impacted\/unerupted teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2019;127(2):175\u201384.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2018.09.007"},{"key":"154317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alassiry AM. Accuracy of different cephalometric analyses in the diagnosis of class III malocclusion in Saudi and Yemeni population. J Orthod Sci. 2020;9(1):14.","DOI":"10.4103\/jos.JOS_21_20"},{"key":"154318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fekonja A. Evaluation of the eruption of permanent teeth and their association with malocclusion. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2022;8(4):836\u201342.","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.544"},{"key":"154319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y\u0131lmaz H, \u00c7akmak \u00d6zl\u00fc F, Icen M, Icen E. Impacted maxillary canines and their relationship with lateral incisor resorption: a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) study. 2020;36(2):160\u20138.","DOI":"10.21307\/aoj-2020-018"},{"key":"154320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng WL, Cunningham A, Pandis N, Bister D, Seehra J. Impacted maxillary canine: assessment of prevalence, severity and location of root resorption on maxillary incisors: a retrospective CBCT study. Int Orthod. 2024;22(3):100890.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2024.100890"},{"key":"154321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eryani F, Akwa\u2019a A, Ishaq R, al-akwa A. Association between maxillary impacted canine and vertical and sagittal skeletal patterns in a group of yemeni adults. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2025;26:178\u201383.","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-3821"},{"key":"154322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadry S, Karaman A. Evaluation of the relationship of the upper impacted maxillary canines with maxillary base. S\u00fcleyman Demirel \u00dcniv Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bil Derg. 2021;12(3):371\u20137.","DOI":"10.22312\/sdusbed.908512"},{"key":"154323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devi MA, Padmanabhan S. Role of polymorphisms of MSX1 and PAX9 genes in palatal impaction of maxillary canines. 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