{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:05:09Z","timestamp":1790679909445,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MJS Publishing, Medical Journals Sweden AB","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AOS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The aim was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) alone and in combination with metronidazole, Punica granatum extract, and Curcuma longa extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis. \nMaterials and Methods: An in vitro experimental study was performed using P. gingivalis strain ATCC 33277. Bacteria were cultured under anaerobic conditions. Ten experimental groups were evaluated: 0.2% CHX, 0.5% metronidazole, 100% P. granatum extract, 0.1 and 1.0% C. longa extracts, their respective combinations with 0.2% CHX, and distilled water. Antibacterial activity was assessed using an agar-well diffusion assay, and the diameter of the bacterial growth inhibition zone was measured in millimeters. Statistical significance was established at P &lt; 0.05. Results: The combination of 0.2% CHX and 0.5% metronidazole demonstrated the greatest antibacterial activity, producing the largest inhibition zone (21.67 \u00b1 1.60 mm). This value was significantly greater than those observed for CHX alone (16.44 \u00b1 1.09 mm, P &lt; 0.01), P. granatum combined with CHX (18.11 \u00b1 0.11 mm, P &lt; 0.01), 0.1% C. longa combined with CHX (18.89 \u00b1 0.40 mm, P &lt; 0.01), and 1.0% C. longa combined with CHX (18.40 \u00b1 0.62 mm, P &lt; 0.01). Among the individual agents, 100% P. granatum extract demonstrated the greatest antibacterial activity (20.67 \u00b1 0.00 mm), whereas metronidazole alone, both C. longa extracts, and the negative control produced no measurable inhibition zones. Conclusions: The combination of CHX and metronidazole exhibits the strongest antibacterial activity, whereas P. granatum extracts demonstrate substantial antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2340\/aos.v85.46854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:49:37Z","timestamp":1790678977000},"page":"678-682","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine alone and in combination with metronidazole, Punica granatum, and Curcuma longa against Porphyromonas gingivalis: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.2340","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Nujud","family":"Alamry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shatha S.","family":"ALHarthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shorouq Subhi","family":"ALHarthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najla Naif","family":"Al-Dabbagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal Matouq","family":"Shalabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahad Ali","family":"Alsaqami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afrah E.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kawther","family":"Aabed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1183","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"169578","unstructured":"Corbet EF. 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