{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T04:10:54Z","timestamp":1747282254051,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MJS Publishing, Medical Journals Sweden AB","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747180800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BIiD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and of Halimeda gracilis extracts.\nMaterials and methods: The H. gracilis sample was washed and extracted using methanol. The mixture was homogenized using a blender and centrifuged at high speed (10,000 \u00d7 g) for 2 min, then stirred at room temperature for 30 min using magnetic stirrer, to ensure thorough extraction. Afterward, it was centrifuged at 5,000 \u00d7 g for 10 min to separate the dissolved components from undissolved debris. Following this antioxidant activity was assessed using DPHH assay, the antimicrobial effects were tested against Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Shigella sonnei using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion, biofilm inhibition assay was done to assess biofilm inhibition against S. mutans, E. coli, E. faecalis and S. sonnei. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activities of the H. gracilis were determined using a modified version of the BSA assay.\nResults: When tested against S. mutans, E. coli, E. faecalis, and S. sonnei strains, the antimicrobial evaluation revealed that the extract successfully inhibited biofilm formation when tested against the same organism, and it also demonstrated increased activity with increasing concentration. The zone of inhibition progressively expanded with increasing concentration, reaching a maximum of 17 mm \u00b1 0.1 for 100 \u00b5g\/mL. In terms of antioxidant activity, the H. gracilis metholic extract gradually increased from 10 \u00b5g\/mL to a higher activity at 40 \u00b5g\/mL in comparison to the control and blank, and then decreased at a dose of 50 \u00b5g\/mL. At different doses, the anti-inflammatory action of H. gracilis extracts successfully inhibited BSA denaturation, which causes inflammation; the maximum activity has been observed.\nConclusion: This comprehensive analysis highlights H. gracilis as a valuable natural resource with multifaceted biological activities, supporting its further investigation for therapeutic applications in dentistry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2340\/biid.v12.43612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T13:12:05Z","timestamp":1747228325000},"page":"80-88","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Halimeda gracilis as a bioactive resource: exploring its antioxidant, antibiofilm, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial potential for dental applications"],"prefix":"10.2340","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Dileepkumar","family":"Hemamalini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. Shantha","family":"Sundari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.M. Shahul Hameed","family":"Faizee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sivakamavalli","family":"Jeyachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1183","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"111443","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Beltagi HS, Mohamed AA, Mohamed HI, Ramadan KMA, Barqawi AA, Mansour AT. Phytochemical and potential properties of seaweeds and their recent applications: a review. Mar Drugs. 2022;20(6):342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/md20060342","DOI":"10.3390\/md20060342"},{"key":"111444","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Z, Liu W, Liu H, Li R, Chang L, Kan S, et al. The applications of polysaccharides in dentistry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:970041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.970041","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.970041"},{"key":"111445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho F, Cavicchioli M, Specian SS, Scarel-Caminaga RM, Penteado LA, Medeiros AI, et al. Bacterial cellulose membrane functionalized with hydroxiapatite and anti-bone morphogenetic protein 2: a promising material for bone regeneration. PLoS One. 2019;14(8):e0221286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0221286","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221286"},{"key":"111446","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramalingam V, Kumar NN, Harshavardhan M, Kumar HMS, Tiwari AK, Babu KS. Chemical profiling of marine seaweed Halimeda gracilis using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MSE and evaluation of anticancer activity targeting PI3K\/AKT and intrinsic apoptosis signaling pathway. Food Res Int. 2022;157:111394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111394"},{"key":"111447","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabari Anadh JV, Nayaka SR, Usha NS, Subha V, Manimekalai K, Syed M. Acute toxicity study and antidiabetic activity of marine alga-Halimeda gracilis Chooranam (HGC) in freshwater Zebrafish Model. Biomed Pharmacol J. 2021;14(3):1647\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13005\/bpj\/2265","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/2265"},{"key":"111448","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravikumar S, Jacob Inbaneson S, Suganthi P. Seaweeds as a source of lead compounds for the development of new antiplasmodial drugs from South East coast of India. Parasitol Res. 2011;109(1):47\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-010-2219-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-2219-x"},{"key":"111449","unstructured":"Widowati R, Handayani S, Suprihatin ILR. Phytochemicals and antioxidant of methanol extract of Gracilaria salicornia, Halimeda gracilis, Halimeda macroloba, and Hypnea asperi from Tidung Island coastal region. Eur J Mol Clin Med. 2021;8(01):1\u201312."},{"key":"111450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basir A, Tarman K, Desniar D. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of green algae Halimeda gracilis from Seribu island district. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia. 2017;20(2):211\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17844\/jphpi.v20i2.17507","DOI":"10.17844\/jphpi.v20i2.17507"},{"key":"111451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suganya S, Ishwarya R, Jayakumar R, Govindarajan M, Alharbi NS, Kadaikunnan S. New insecticides and antimicrobials derived from Sargassum wightii and Halimeda gracilis seaweeds: toxicity against mosquito vectors and antibiofilm activity against microbial pathogens. S Afr J Bot. 2019;125:466\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.08.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.08.006"},{"key":"111452","unstructured":"Featherstone JD. The caries balance: the basis for caries management by risk assessment. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2004;2(Suppl 1):259\u201364."},{"key":"111453","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ten Cate JM, Duijsters PP. Influence of fluoride in solution on tooth enamel demineralization. I. Chemical data. Caries Res. 1982;16(3):201\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000260599","DOI":"10.1159\/000260599"},{"key":"111454","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buzalaf MAR, Pessan JP, Hon\u00f3rio HM, ten Cate JM. Mechanisms of action of fluoride for caries control. Monogr Oral Sci. 2011;22:97\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000325151","DOI":"10.1159\/000325151"},{"key":"111455","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2001;50(RR14):1\u201342."},{"key":"111456","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peckham S, Awofeso N. Water fluoridation: a critical review of the physiological effects of ingested fluoride as a public health intervention. Sci World J. 2014;2014:293019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/293019","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/293019"},{"key":"111457","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaren L, Emery JCH. Drinking water fluoridation and oral health inequalities in Canadian children. Can J Public Health. 2012;103(7 Suppl 1):eS49\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03404460","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404460"},{"key":"111458","unstructured":"Terada R, Yamada H, Yoshida T. Methanol extraction of seaweed and its bioactive properties. J Phycol. 1987;23(4):345\u201352."},{"key":"111459","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Cli Pathol. 1966;45(4):493\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493"},{"key":"111460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou P, Garcia BL, Kotsakis GA. Comparison of antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of bioactive glass compounds S53P4 and 45S5. BMC Microbiol. 2022;22(1):212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-022-02617-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02617-8"},{"key":"111461","unstructured":"Shekar S, Reddy P, Srinivasan M. Evaluation of antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging method. J Pharm Sci. 2015;104(7):2506\u201313."},{"key":"111462","unstructured":"Williams LAD, O\u2019Connor A, Ringer S, Whittaker JA, Conrad J, Vogler B, et al. The in vitro anti-denaturation effects induced by natural products and non-steroidal compounds in heat-treated (immunogenic) bovine serum albumin is proposed as a screening assay for the detection of anti-inflammatory compounds, without the use of animals. West Indian Med J. 2008;57(4):327\u201331."},{"key":"111463","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazarudin MF, Yasin ISM, Mazli NAIN, Saadi AR, Azizee MHS, Nooraini MA, et al. Preliminary screening of antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of green seaweed, Halimeda opuntia (Linnaeus) Lamouroux. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022;29(4):2698\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.12.066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.12.066"},{"key":"111464","unstructured":"Khorshidi MK, Kasim HB, Anwar AN. Anti-inflammatory activity of Halimeda opuntia (Linnaeus) Lamouroux in mice model. Phytomedicine. 2019;45:89\u201395."},{"key":"111465","unstructured":"Azim MHL, Rahman SMS, Rahman MA. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Halimeda tuna extracts and their potential therapeutic role in inflammatory diseases. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):92."}],"container-title":["Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/medicaljournalssweden.se\/biid\/article\/download\/43612\/50123","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/medicaljournalssweden.se\/biid\/article\/download\/43612\/50123","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T13:12:20Z","timestamp":1747228340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/medicaljournalssweden.se\/biid\/article\/view\/43612"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"references-count":23,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/biid.v12.43612","relation":{},"ISSN":["2641-5275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2641-5275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]}}}