{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T09:04:30Z","timestamp":1779786270697,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MJS Publishing, Medical Journals Sweden AB","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BIiD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To evaluate physical and chemical properties and in vitro toxicity of six luting glass ionomer cements (GICs) \u2013 Vidrion, Vitro Cem, Meron, Gold Label (GCGL), GC Fuji Plus (GCFP), and Riva Luting \u2013 incorporated with expanded graphene to correct the GICs\u2019 deficiencies. \nMethodology: Expanded graphene was incorporated into GICs at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1%.\u00a0Disc-shaped specimens (4 \u00d7 2 mm) were fabricated and submitted to an erosive challenge (EC) by immersion in 30 mL of lactic acid\/lactate solution (pH 2.74) for 24 h at 37\u00b0C. Thickness, surface roughness (Ra), and microhardness were evaluated before and after EC. Fluoride release was measured in the acid solution. Radiopacity was evaluated in specimens (15 \u00b1 1 mm; n = 3), and gray values were analyzed with\u00a0ImageJ. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the neutral red uptake assay using L929 fibroblasts exposed to DMEM extracts. \nResults: No microhardness loss after EC was observed in Vitro Cem 0.25% (p = 0.056) and 0.5% (p = 0.457) or Meron 0.5% (p = 0.167), while Vidrion 0.5% showed increased hardness (p &lt; 0.001). Surface roughness remained unchanged in Meron, GCGL, and Riva Luting. Riva Luting containing 0.25% (p &lt; 0.01) and 1% rGO (p &lt; 0.01) released more fluoride compared with the control. GCGL showed improved cell viability at all expanded graphene concentrations. Vidrion demonstrated greater radiopacity with expanded graphene addition, and Meron exhibited enhanced radiopacity at all concentrations. Worsening effects were observed, including reduced fluoride release in GCFP 1% (p &lt; 0.05), decreased cell viability in GCFP\u00a0(45%\u00a0reduction), Meron, and Vitro Cem at all percentages, and increased microhardness loss in\u00a0Vitro\u00a0Cem 1%, Meron 0.5%, and GCFP at all concentrations.\nConclusion: Expanded graphene incorporation produced positive, neutral, and negative effects depending on the GIC and concentration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2340\/biid.v13.45910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T08:24:09Z","timestamp":1779783849000},"page":"440-449","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of expanded graphene on physical and chemical properties, and in vitro toxicity of glass ionomer cements for luting"],"prefix":"10.2340","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sarah Pereira","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina Mara","family":"Geraldino Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renan Rocha","family":"Da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Vaz Braga","family":"Pintor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela Bara\u00fana","family":"Magno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Augusta","family":"Visconti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Villela Romanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia Rodrigues","family":"De Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucianne Cople","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus Melo","family":"Pithon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1183","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"156573","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collado-Gonz\u00e1lez M, Pecci-Lloret MR, Tom\u00e1s-Catal\u00e1 CJ, Garc\u00eda-Bernal D, O\u00f1ate-S\u00e1nchez RE, Llena C, et al. 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Effect on physical and mechanical properties of conventional glass ionomer luting cements by incorporation of all-ceramic additives: an in vitro study. Int J Dent. 2020;2020:8896225.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8896225"},{"key":"156581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan AA, Bari A, Al-Kheraif AA, Alsunbul H, Alhaidry H, Alharthi R, et al. Oxidized natural biopolymer for enhanced surface, physical and mechanical properties of glass ionomer luting cement. Polymers (Basel). 2023;15:2679.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15122679"},{"key":"156582","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung GKH, Wong AWY, Chu CH, Yu OY. Update on dental luting materials. Dent J (Basel). 2022;10:208.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj10110208"},{"key":"156583","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie H, Cao T, Rodr\u00edguez-Lozano FJ, Luong-Van EK, Rosa V. Graphene for the development of the next generation of biocomposites for dental and medical applications. 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