{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T03:48:00Z","timestamp":1777866480469,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MJS Publishing, Medical Journals Sweden AB","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BIiD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To evaluate the long-term mineralizing effects of an experimental ion-releasing, short fiber-reinforced flowable composite (SFC-active) applied to human teeth with molar\u2013incisor hypomineralization (MIH).\nMethods: A total of 16 first permanent molars, extracted due to MIH, received two occlusal restorations each. All cavities were acid-etched for 15 seconds before applying the restorative materials. One of the cavities in each tooth was restored with a commercial conventional particulate-filled composite (PFC; G-aenial Universal Injectable) after placement of the SFC-active liner. The other cavities were restored without the liner, using PFC alone (n = 8) or resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC; Fuji II LC) alone (n = 8). The teeth were stored in simulated body fluid at 37\u00b0C for 30 months. The mineralization effect was assessed at three regions (coronal, middle, and apical) under the restorations using micro-computed tomography (CT) (dentin density), micro-indentation (dentin hardness) and scanning electron microscopy\/energy-dispersive spectroscopy (microstructure and calcium-to-phosphorus [Ca\/P] ratio) analyses.\nResults: Micro-CT analyses revealed no statistically significant differences (p &gt; 0.05) in dentin mineral density between the restorative materials at any of the three regions beneath the restorations. At the coronal region of interface, dentin hardness was higher with SFC-active than with PFC, but lower than with RMGIC (p &lt; 0.05). The Ca\/P ratios of dentin varied beneath the different restorations, ranging from 1.49 to 1.60, with the highest ratios observed at the coronal region of the interface with SFC-active. Strontium and fluorine were detected in the dentin adjacent to the RMGIC restorations.\nConclusion: SFC-active demonstrated a positive mineralizing effect on dentin, reflected by higher hardness and Ca\/P ratios at the coronal region of the interface. These findings indicate that SFC-active is a promising restorative material for the management of MIH-affected teeth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2340\/biid.v13.45993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T08:45:22Z","timestamp":1777538722000},"page":"348-357","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mineralization effect of ion-releasing fiber-reinforced composite in teeth with molar\u2013incisor hypomineralization"],"prefix":"10.2340","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lippo","family":"Lassila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Battsetseg","family":"Tseveenjav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janna","family":"Waltimo-Sir\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pekka","family":"Vallittu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sufyan","family":"Garoushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1183","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"153743","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lygidakis NA, Garot E, Somani C, Taylor GD, Rouas P, Wong FSL. 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Molar incisor hypomineralization: a questionnaire inventory of its occurrence in member countries of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD). Int J Paediatr Dent. 2003;13(6):411\u201316.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-263X.2003.00498.x"},{"key":"153747","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed AT, Kratunova E, Dean JA, Wright T, Khader Y, Alrayyes S. Perspectives of US pediatric dentistry faculty on the clinical management of molar hypomineralization. J Am Dent Assoc. 2026;157(2):163\u201374.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2025.09.005"},{"key":"153748","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sezer B, \u015een Yavuz B, \u0130\u015fseven C\u0130, Tu\u011fcu N, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan C, Durmu\u015f B, et al. Six-year survival and clinical performance of glass hybrid restorations following selective caries removal in teeth with molar incisor hypomineralization: a prospective cohort study. Clin Oral Investig. 2025;29(5):284.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-025-06358-6"},{"key":"153749","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denis R, Marty M, Esclassan R, Noirrit-Esclassan E, Canceill T. Description and durability of the various direct restoration techniques in molar-incisor hypomineralization: a systematic review. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2025;33(1):113\u201322.","DOI":"10.1922\/EJPRD_2760Denis10"},{"key":"153750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4mer N, Bui Khac NN, L\u00fccker S, Stachniss V, Frankenberger R. Bonding strategies for MIH-affected enamel and dentin. Dent Mater. 2018;34(2):331\u201340.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2017.11.015"},{"key":"153751","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garoushi S, Vallittu PK, Lassila LV. Short glass fiber reinforced restorative composite resin with semi-inter penetrating polymer network matrix. 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J Prosthet Dent. 2026;135(2):277.e1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2025.09.034"},{"key":"153755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bijelic-Donova J, Bath AK, Rocca GT, Bella ED, Saratti CM. Can fiber-reinforced composites increase the fracture resistance of direct composite restorations in structurally compromised teeth? A systematic review and meta-analysis of laboratory studies. Oper Dent. 2025;50(1):E1\u201329.","DOI":"10.2341\/24-032-LIT"},{"key":"153756","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garoushi S, Gargoum A, Vallittu PK, Lassila L. Short fiber-reinforced composite restorations: a review of the current literature. J Investig Clin Dent. 2018;9(3):e12330.","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12330"},{"key":"153757","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallittu PK, Boccaccini AR, Hupa L, Watts DC. Bioactive dental materials \u2013 do they exist and what does bioactivity mean? Editorial. 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Amalgam alternatives: susceptibility of novel self-adhesive materials to changes in dentin mineralization. J Dent. 2025;160:105894.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.105894"},{"key":"153766","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ionescu AC, Nicita F, Zambelli V, Bellani G, Degli Esposti L, Iafisco M, et al. Ion-releasing resin composites prevent demineralization around restorations in an in-vitro biofilm model. J Dent. 2025;154:105600.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.105600"},{"key":"153767","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atmeh AR, Chong EZ, Richard G, Festy F, Watson TF. Dentin-cement interfacial interaction: calcium silicates and polyalkenoates. J Dent Res. 2012;91(5):454\u20139.","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034512443068"},{"key":"153768","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cascales \u00c1F, Moscard\u00f3 AP, Toledano M, Banerjee A, Sauro S. An in-vitro investigation of the bond strength of experimental ion-releasing dental adhesives to caries-affected dentine after 1 year of water storage. J Dent. 2022;119:104075.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2022.104075"},{"key":"153769","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwendicke F, Al-Abdi A, Pascual Moscard\u00f3 A, Ferrando Cascales A, Sauro S. Remineralization effects of conventional and experimental ion-releasing materials in chemically or bacterially-induced dentin caries lesions. Dent Mater. 2019;35(5):772\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.02.021"},{"key":"153770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyagi G, Jain S, Deshwal S, Singh S, Poonia N, Sharma S. Comparative study of dentin remineralization with nano-amorphous calcium phosphate-modified bioactive restoratives. 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Time-based elution of TEGDMA and BisGMA from resin composite cured with LED, QTH and high-intensity QTH lights. Oper Dent. 2006;31(2):197\u2013203.","DOI":"10.2341\/05-10"},{"key":"153774","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakar S, Hayashi M, Jabbour Z, Kim R, Al Khalifah S, Jo D, et al. Hydrophobic monomer systems for dental composites: development and physicochemical evaluation of UDMA\/IBOMA formulations. BMC Oral Health. 2026 (Epub ahead of print).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-08088-x"},{"key":"153775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavalcante LM, Ferraz LG, Antunes KB, Garcia IM, Schneider LFJ, Collares FM. Silane content influences physicochemical properties in nanostructured model composites. Dent Mater. 2021;37(2):e85\u201393.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2020.10.022"},{"key":"153776","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oral O, Lassila LV, Kumbuloglu O, Vallittu PK. Bioactive glass particulate filler composite: effect of coupling of fillers and filler loading on some physical properties. Dent Mater. 2014;30(5):570\u20137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2014.02.017"},{"key":"153777","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melo P, Ferreira AM, Waldron K, Swift T, Gentile P, Magallanes M, et al. Osteoinduction of 3D printed particulate and short-fibre reinforced composites produced using PLLA and apatite-wollastonite. Compos Sci Technol. 2019;184:107834.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2019.107834"},{"key":"153778","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruengrungsom C, Burrow MF, Parashos P, Palamara JEA. Evaluation of F, Ca, and P release and microhardness of 11 ion-leaching restorative materials and the recharge efficacy using a new Ca\/P containing fluoride varnish. J Dent. 2020;102:103474.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103474"},{"key":"153779","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiskaya M, Al-Eesa NA, Wong FSL, Hill RG. Characterization of the bioactivity of two commercial composites. Dent Mater. 2019;35(12):1757\u201368.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.10.004"},{"key":"153780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klinger-Strobel M, Makarewicz O, Pletz MW, Stallmach A, Lautenschl\u00e4ger C. TiO2-containing and ZnO-containing borosilicate glass-a novel thin glass with exceptional antibiofilm performances to prevent microfouling. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2016;27(12):175.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-016-5792-4"},{"key":"153781","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin YC, Lin WR, Chang K, Teng NC, Yang JC, Chung RJ. Advanced ionic antibacterial solutions for dental caries prevention with enhanced aesthetic and demineralization functions. Dent Mater. 2025;41(10):1189\u2013200.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2025.07.002"},{"key":"153782","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhamra S, Singla R, Kulkarni SD, Shenoy PA, Singla N, Patil V, et al. 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Structural and elemental characterization of glass and ceramic particles for bone surgery. Dent Mater. 2021;37(9):1350\u20137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2021.06.004"},{"key":"153786","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato N, Handa K, Venkataiah VS, Hasegawa T, Njuguna MM, Yahata Y, et al. Comparison of the vertical bone defect healing abilities of carbonate apatite, \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite and bovine-derived heterogeneous bone. Dent Mater J. 2020;39(2):309\u201318.","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2019-084"},{"key":"153787","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prati C, Chersoni S, Acquaviva GL, Breschi L, Suppa P, Tay FR, et al. Permeability of marginal hybrid layers in composite restorations. Clin Oral Investig. 2005;9(1):1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-004-0273-4"},{"key":"153788","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Carvalho LF, Silva MGE, Barboza ADS, Badar\u00f3 MM, Stolf SC, Cuevas-Su\u00e1rez CE, et al. Effectiveness of bioactive resin materials in preventing secondary caries and retention loss in direct posterior restorations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2025;152:105460.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.105460"},{"key":"153789","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Dijken JWV, Pallesen U, Benetti A. A randomized controlled evaluation of posterior resin restorations of an altered resin modified glass-ionomer cement with claimed bioactivity. 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