{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T09:10:03Z","timestamp":1779268203086,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MJS Publishing, Medical Journals Sweden AB","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BIiD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Enamel demineralization and white spot lesions remain common adverse effects during fixed orthodontic treatment, primarily due to plaque accumulation around brackets and the limited functionality of conventional orthodontic adhesives. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporating 2 wt% nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp), synthesized using a biogenic calcium precursor derived from Asian moon scallop (Amusium pleuronectes) shells, on antibacterial activity, calcium ion concentration, and enamel demineralization.\nMaterials and Methods: nHAp powder was synthesized from scallop shell-derived calcium carbonate via calcination and precipitation methods and incorporated into a commercial orthodontic adhesive under controlled conditions. Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans was assessed using a disc diffusion assay. Calcium ion concentration in the immersion medium was measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry (\u03bb = 515 nm) with a murexide indicator. Enamel demineralization adjacent to bracket interfaces was evaluated using a standardized scoring system. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests with significance set at p &lt; 0.05.\nResults: The nHAp-modified adhesive showed significantly greater antibacterial activity compared with the control group (p &lt; 0.05). The experimental group demonstrated higher calcium ion concentration in the immersion medium than the control group. Enamel demineralization scores were significantly lower in the experimental group.\nConclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, incorporation of 2 wt% nano-hydroxyapatite synthesized using a biogenic calcium precursor was associated with increased antibacterial activity, higher calcium ion concentration in the surrounding medium, and reduced enamel demineralization. Further studies are required to evaluate mechanical properties and clinical applicability<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2340\/biid.v13.46106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T08:42:42Z","timestamp":1779266562000},"page":"419-424","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of an orthodontic adhesive containing 2 wt% nano-hydroxyapatite synthesized from a biogenic calcium precursor: antibacterial activity, calcium ion concentration, and enamel demineralization"],"prefix":"10.2340","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Gufa Bagus","family":"Pamungkas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eddy Heriyanto","family":"Habar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Tanumihardja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasmidar","family":"Samad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Stang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eka","family":"Erwansyah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nurlindah","family":"Hamrun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1183","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"155890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaik JA, Reddy RK. Review article prevention and treatment of white spot lesions in orthodontic patients. Contemp Clin Dent. 2017;8(September):11\u201319.","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_216_17"},{"key":"155891","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azaripour A, Willershausen I, Hassan M, Ebenezer S, Willershausen B. Oral hygiene and dietary habits in adolescents with fixed orthodontic appliances: a cross-sectional study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2016;17(3):179\u201383.","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1824"},{"key":"155892","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamdi K, Elsebaai A, Abdelshafi MA, Hamama HH. Remineralization and anti-demineralization effect of orthodontic adhesives on enamel surrounding orthodontic brackets: a systematic review of in vitro studies. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):1446.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05237-y"},{"key":"155893","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florea AD, Pop LC, Benea HRC, et al. Remineralization induced by biomimetic hydroxyapatite toothpastes on human enamel. Biomimetics. 2023;8(6):1\u201319.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics8060450"},{"key":"155894","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Memarpour M, Shafiei F, Rafiee A, Soltani M, Dashti MH. Effect of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on enamel remineralization and estimation of fissure sealant bond strength to remineralized tooth surfaces: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19(1):1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0785-6"},{"key":"155895","unstructured":"Valluri BP, Kanumuri MV, Sajjan G, Rajulapati KS, Penmatsa VKV, Mavidi JB. Effect of nano-hydroxyapatite incorporation on the immediate and long-term bond stability of a one-step self-etch adhesive. J Dent Mater Tech. 2025;14(2):57\u201363."},{"key":"155896","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim AZ, Hussein AS, Said Gulam Khan HB, Ghazali N. Antibacterial activity of microwave synthesized hydroxyapatite against cariogenic bacteria: a preliminary study. Saudi Dent J. 2024;36(8):1117\u201322.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2024.06.004"},{"key":"155897","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muntean FL, Olariu I, Marian D, et al. Hydroxyapatite from mollusk shells: characteristics, production, and potential applications in dentistry. Dent J (Basel). 2024;12(12):1\u201324.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj12120409"},{"key":"155898","unstructured":"Syafaat FY, Yusuf Y. Influence of ca\/p concentration on hydroxyapatite (Hap) from Asian moon scallop shell (Amusium pleuronectes). Int J Nanoelectron Mater. 2019;12(3):357\u201362."},{"key":"155899","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pamungkas GB, Habar EH, Tanumihardja M. In vitro evaluation of enamel bond strength of an orthodontic adhesive enhanced with 2 wt% nano-hydroxyapatite derived from Asian moon scallop (Amusium pleuronectes). Biomater Investig Dent. 2025;12:233\u20138.","DOI":"10.2340\/biid.v12.45130"},{"key":"155900","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soffa FB, Pratama IS, Dharmawati V, et al. Asian moon scallop (Amusium pleuronectes) for indonesia: an overview from a wild population and farming system. Fish Aquatic Sci. 2024;27(11):709\u201327.","DOI":"10.47853\/FAS.2024.e67"},{"key":"155901","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan LA. Evaluation the properties of orthodontic adhesive incorporated with nano-hydroxyapatite particles. Saudi Dent J. 2021;33(8):1190\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2021.01.001"},{"key":"155902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noworyta M, Topa-Skwarczy\u0144ska M, Jamr\u00f3z P, et al. Influence of the type of nanofillers on the properties of composites used in dentistry and 3d printing. 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Dental adhesive microtensile bond strength following a biofilm-based in vitro aging model. 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