{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:59:57Z","timestamp":1790755197313,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MJS Publishing, Medical Journals Sweden AB","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BIiD"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The surface properties of three-dimensional (3D)-printed resins remain an area requiring further improvement. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different polishing and coating protocols on the surface roughness and hardness of 3D-printed denture base resins (DBRs) and denture teeth. \nMethods: Two 3D printed resins (ASIGA and NextDent) for DBRs and denture teeth were used to fabricate disk-shaped (15 \u00d72 mm) specimens. Per resin, 96 specimens (48 for denture base and 48 for teeth) were divided into 4 groups (n=12) according to surface treatment: no polishing-coating (NP-C), conventional polishing (CP), Optiglaze (OG) coating, and PRIZMA seal (PS) coating. Surface roughness (Ra) and hardness were measured using a profilometer and Vickers hardness tester, respectively. The data was analyzed using one &amp; two-way ANOVA, and post-hoc Tukey\u2019s tests (\u03b1=0.05). Results: For both DBR materials, polished and coated groups showed a significant decrease (p&lt;0.001) in Ra compared to the unpolished group (ASIGA: 1.6\u00b10.36 \u00b5m; NextDent: 1.13\u00b10.17 \u00b5m). Coated groups had lower roughness than the polished group (p&lt;0.05). Similarly, for both printed tooth resins, the unpolished group recorded the highest Ra values and differed significantly from the polished and coated groups (p&lt;0.001). CP showed significantly higher Ra than OG and PS (p&lt;0.001), with no significant difference between the two coated groups. Regarding hardness, no significant differences were found among unpolished, polished, and coated DBR groups (p&gt;0.05), except for the OG group, which showed significantly higher hardness than other groups (p&lt;0.001). Between the two resins, NextDent showed significantly higher hardness than ASIGA only in the OG group (p=0.009). The same trend was observed for printed teeth, where OG coating yielded the highest hardness values. Conclusion: Surface roughness of 3D printed DBR and denture teeth decreased after polishing and coatings. Coating using OG resin improved the hardness of DBR and denture teeth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2340\/biid.v13.46909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:26:43Z","timestamp":1790753203000},"page":"734-743","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative effect of polishing and coatings on the surface properties of 3D-printed denture-base resin and teeth: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.2340","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yousif A.","family":"Al\u2010Dulaijan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alawiyyah","family":"Alsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mashael","family":"Alhejji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saja","family":"Alsuwailem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jehad","family":"Almutiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soban Q.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman A.","family":"Balhaddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaimaa M.","family":"Fouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed M.","family":"Gad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1183","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"169658","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Dulaijan YA. 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Polymers. 2022;14:2691.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14132691"},{"key":"169661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balhaddad AA, Garcia IM, Mokeem L, Alsahafi R, Majeed-Saidan A, Albagami HH, et al. Three-dimensional (3D) printing in dental practice: applications, areas of interest, and level of evidence. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27:2465\u201381.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-04983-7"},{"key":"169662","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takaichi A, Fueki K, Murakami N, Ueno T, Inamochi Y, Wada J, et al. A systematic review of digital removable partial dentures. Part II: CAD\/CAM framework, artificial teeth, and denture base. J Prosthodont Res. 2022;66:53\u201367.","DOI":"10.2186\/jpr.JPR_D_20_00117"},{"key":"169663","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Dulaijan YA, Alsulaimi L, Alotaibi R, Alboainain A, Alalawi H, Alshehri S, et al. Comparative evaluation of surface roughness and hardness of 3D printed resins. Materials. 2022;15:6822.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15196822"},{"key":"169664","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majeed HF, Hamad TI, Bairam LR. Enhancing 3D-printed denture base resins: a review of material innovations. Sci Prog. 2024;107:368504241263484.","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504241263484"},{"key":"169665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gad MM, Fouda SM, Abualsaud R, Alshahrani FA, Al-Thobity AM, Khan SQ, et al. Strength and surface properties of a 3D-printed denture base polymer. J Prosthodont. 2022;31:412\u201318.","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13413"},{"key":"169666","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Rifaiy MQ. The effect of mechanical and chemical polishing techniques on the surface roughness of denture base acrylic resins. Saudi Dent J. 2010;22:13\u201317.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2009.12.006"},{"key":"169667","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altarazi A, Haider J, Alhotan A, Silikas N, Devlin H. Assessing the physical and mechanical properties of 3D printed acrylic material for denture base application. Dent Mater. 2022;38:1841\u201354.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2022.09.006"},{"key":"169668","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balhaddad AA, Al Otaibi AM, Alotaibi KS, Al-Zain AO, Ismail EH, Al-Dulaijan YA, et al. The impact of Streptococcus mutans biofilms on the color stability and topographical features of three lithium disilicate ceramics. J Prosthodont. 2024.","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13944"},{"key":"169669","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshehri T, Albishri D, Alsayoud AM, Alanazi A, Masaud F, Howsawi AA, et al. The effect of different scaling methods on the surface roughness of 3D-printed crowns: an in vitro study. Materials. 2025;18:5525.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18245525"},{"key":"169670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7akmak G, Hess JA, D\u00f6nmez MB, Y\u0131lmaz D, Alhotan A, Schimmel M, et al. 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Comparison of surface roughness and color stainability of 3-dimensionally printed interim prosthodontic material with conventionally fabricated and CAD-CAM milled materials. J Prosthet Dent. 2022;128:1094\u2013101.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2021.01.027"},{"key":"169677","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzante FAP, Qian Z, Mag\u00e3o PH, Silva I, Moura GF, Mendon\u00e7a G. Influence of polishing methods on the physical properties of temporary restorations. Odontology. 2026;114(3):1357\u201364.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-025-01191-5"},{"key":"169678","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7akmak G, Oosterveen-R\u00fcegsegger AL, Akay C, Schimmel M, Yilmaz B, Donmez MB. Influence of polishing technique and coffee thermal cycling on the surface roughness and color stability of additively and subtractively manufactured resins used for definitive restorations. J Prosthodont. 2024;33:467\u201374.","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13730"},{"key":"169679","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sulaya K, Swapna BV, Nayak VM. The science of printing and polishing 3D printed dentures. F1000Research. 2024;13:1266.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.157596.1"},{"key":"169680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. G* Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39:175\u201391.","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"169681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Dulaijan YA, Alkhathami A, Alameer ST, Alshehri T, Alotaibi M, Khan SQ, et al. Antifungal activities, surface roughness, and color change of 3D printed resins containing halloysite nanotubes. 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J Prosthodont. 2019;28:452\u20137.","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13033"},{"key":"169685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashemzade Z, Alihemmati M, Hakimaneh SMR, Shayegh SS, Bafandeh MA, Mohammadi Z. Comparison of color stability and surface roughness of interim crowns fabricated by conventional, milling and 3D printing methods. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2025;11:e70119.","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.70119"},{"key":"169686","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angwaravong O, Sirichay S, Pengsuk T, Sooksuwan P, Angwarawong T. Effect of surface coating, thermocycling, and staining solutions on the color stability of CAD-CAM polymethyl methacrylate interim fixed restorations. J Esthet Restor Dent Off Publ Am Acad Esthet Dent Al. 2025;37:2270\u201380.","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.13513"},{"key":"169687","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutkunas V, Sabaliauskas V, Mizutani H. Effects of different food colorants and polishing techniques on color stability of provisional prosthetic materials. Dent Mater J. 2010;29:167\u201376.","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2009-075"},{"key":"169688","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hepdeniz OK, Temel UB, Ugurlu M, Koskan O. The effect of surface sealants with different filler content on microleakage of class V resin composite restorations. Eur J Dent. 2016;10:163\u20139.","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.178315"},{"key":"169689","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doray PG, Eldiwany MS, Powers JM. Effect of resin surface sealers on improvement of stain resistance for a composite provisional material. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2003;15:244\u20139; discussion 249\u201350.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8240.2003.tb00292.x"},{"key":"169690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shim JS, Kim J-E, Jeong SH, Choi YJ, Ryu JJ. Printing accuracy, mechanical properties, surface characteristics, and microbial adhesion of 3D-printed resins with various printing orientations. J Prosthet Dent. 2020;124:468\u201375.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2019.05.034"},{"key":"169691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m M, Aykent F, \u00d6zdo\u011fan MS. Comparison of fracture strength, surface hardness, and color stain of conventionally fabricated, 3D printed, and CAD-CAM milled interim prosthodontic materials after thermocycling. J Adv Prosthodont. 2024;16:115\u201325.","DOI":"10.4047\/jap.2024.16.2.115"},{"key":"169692","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balhaddad AA, Ibrahim MS, Weir MD, Xu HHK, Melo MAS. Concentration dependence of quaternary ammonium monomer on the design of high-performance bioactive composite for root caries restorations. Dent Mater. 2020;36:e266\u201378.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2020.05.009"},{"key":"169693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosaddad SA, Khorasani E, Schimmel M, Santos AT, Pieralli S, \u00c7akmak G, et al. Do resin-modified 3D-printed complete dentures show improved mechanical, physical, surface, and biological properties? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2025;161:105983.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.105983"},{"key":"169694","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acosta LD, P\u00e9rez-Camacho O, Acosta R, Escobar DM, Gallardo CA, S\u00e1nchez-Vargas LO. Reduction of Candida albicans biofilm formation by coating polymethyl methacrylate denture bases with a photopolymerized film. J Prosthet Dent. 2020;124:605\u201313.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2019.08.003"},{"key":"169695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlBin-Ameer MA, Alsrheed MY, Aldukhi IA, Matin A, Khan SQ, Abualsaud R, et al. Effect of protective coating on surface properties and Candida albicans adhesion to denture base materials. J Prosthodont. 2020;29:80\u20136.","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13118"},{"key":"169696","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Freitas RFCP, Duarte S, Feitosa S, Dutra V, Lin W-S, Panariello BHD, et al. Physical, mechanical, and anti-biofilm formation properties of CAD-CAM milled or 3D printed denture base resins: in vitro analysis. J Prosthodont. 2023;32:38\u201344.","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13554"},{"key":"169697","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goiato MC, S\u00f4nego MV, Carneiro DB, da Silva EVF, da Rocha Bonatto L, Rangel EC, et al. Evaluation of a glaze polishing technique for pigmented denture acrylic resin submitted to thermocycling and disinfection. J Int Oral Health. 2017;9:213.","DOI":"10.4103\/jioh.jioh_171_17"},{"key":"169698","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahin O, Koroglu A, Dede D\u00d6, Yilmaz B. Effect of surface sealant agents on the surface roughness and color stability of denture base materials. J Prosthet Dent. 2016;116:610\u201316.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2016.03.007"},{"key":"169699","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00fcy\u00fckpolat M, Aydin N, Karao\u011flano\u011flu S, Ers\u00f6z B, \u00d6zt\u00fcrk F. Effects of different polishing systems on the surface roughness, microhardness and gloss of 3D-printed resins. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25:1878.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-07273-8"},{"key":"169700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan S, Zhou J-L, Zhang R-J, Tan FB. Evaluation of the influence of different build angles on the surface characteristics, accuracy, and dimensional stability of the complete denture base printed by digital light processing. Heliyon. 2024;10:e24095.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24095"},{"key":"169701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carneiro Pereira AL, Dos Santos Silva JP, Grangeiro MTV, de Medeiros AKB, Bottino MA, Bar\u00e3o VAR, et al. 3D-printed denture base resins: glazing as an alternative to improve surface, mechanical, and microbiological properties. J Prosthodont. 2024.","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.14001"},{"key":"169702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi JJE, Uy CE, Ramani RS, Waddell JN. Evaluation of surface roughness, hardness and elastic modulus of nanoparticle containing light-polymerized denture glaze materials, J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2020;103:103601.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.103601"},{"key":"169703","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izzettinoglu E, Eroglu E. Evaluation of mechanical properties and color stability of 3D-printed denture base materials following two surface treatments. BMC Oral Health. 2025;25:671.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06056-5"},{"key":"169704","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozo\u011fullar\u0131 HN, B\u00fcy\u00fckerkmen EB, B\u00fcy\u00fck\u00f6zer \u00d6zkan H. Comparison of surface roughness and color stability of different denture characterizing composite resins: the effect of different surface treatments. J Prosthodont. 2023;32:53\u201360.","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13577"},{"key":"169705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim H-T, \u00c7akmak G, Jo Y-H, Jee E-B, Cho J-H, Yoon H-I, et al. Surface properties and biofilm formation on resins for subtractively and additively manufactured fixed dental prostheses aged in artificial saliva: effect of material type and surface finishing. J Prosthet Dent. 2025;133:594.e1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2024.10.039"},{"key":"169706","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albrecht M, Schmidt F, Menzel F, Yassine J, Beuer F, Unkovskiy A. Comparative analysis of modern 3D-printed hybrid resin-ceramic materials for indirect restorations: an in vitro study. Polymers. 2024;16:3161.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16223161"},{"key":"169707","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagis B, T\u00fcz\u00fcner T, Turgut S, Korkmaz FM, Bayg\u0131n \u00d6, Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f YH. Effects of protective resin coating on the surface roughness and color stability of resin-based restorative materials. Sci World J. 2014;2014:832947.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/832947"},{"key":"169708","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azpiazu-Flores FX, Elfana A, Yang C-C, Morton D, Lin W-S. Effect of artificial aging and different surface finishing protocols on the flexural strength and surface hardness of a photopolymer for manufacturing monolithic polychromatic complete dentures using PolyJet 3D printing. J Prosthodont. 2024.","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13963"}],"container-title":["Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/medicaljournalssweden.se\/biid\/article\/download\/46909\/55668","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/medicaljournalssweden.se\/biid\/article\/download\/46909\/55668","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:26:54Z","timestamp":1790753214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/medicaljournalssweden.se\/biid\/article\/view\/46909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":51,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/biid.v13.46909","relation":{},"ISSN":["2641-5275"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2641-5275","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]}}}