{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T10:12:28Z","timestamp":1772532748248,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MJS Publishing, Medical Journals Sweden AB","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JRM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To describe the prevalence of -shoulder pain and associations with patient characteristics and activities of daily living in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to identify pain--relieving strategies. This paper presents questionnaire results from a larger study that also includes clinical and ultrasound assessments.\nDesign: Cross-sectional study.\nParticipants: Individuals with SCI for at least 1 year.\nMethods: A questionnaire including patient characteristics, shoulder-loading activities, and pain prevalence was distributed. Those with shoulder pain were asked additional pain-related questions.\nResults: One hundred participants were included (mean age\u2009=\u200954 years, 79 male, time since SCI\u2009=\u200913.8 years, wheelchair users\u2009=\u200956). Shoulder pain prevalence was 34% during the last week, with higher rates after tetraplegia AIS A-D. Mode of ambulation did not affect pain ratings; however, wheelchair users experienced more bilateral pain. Pharmacological use specific for shoulder pain was low; non-pharmacological treatments included exercise, massage, and TENS.\nConclusions: This study confirms a high prevalence of shoulder pain in persons with chronic SCI, with small differences across subgroups. This suggests that shoulder attention is equally important among individuals with incomplete SCI and ambulatory individuals as it is for wheelchair users. The majority with shoulder pain experienced onset of pain over 1 year ago.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v57.43631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T09:16:08Z","timestamp":1762852568000},"page":"jrm43631","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Shoulder problems after spinal cord injury. Part one: self-assessment by questionnaires"],"prefix":"10.2340","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Ellen","family":"Andreasson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rgen","family":"S\u00f6verstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inka","family":"L\u00f6fvenmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1183","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"132261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyson-Hudson TA, Kirshblum SC. Shoulder pain in -chronic spinal cord injury, Part I: epidemiology, etiology, and patho-mechanics. J Spinal Cord Med 2004; 27: 4\u201317.","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753724"},{"key":"132262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753724","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753724"},{"key":"132263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsen CM, Juul-Kristensen B, Kasch H, Hartvigsen J, Frich L, Boyle E, et al. The Danish Spinal Cord Injury Shoulder (DanSCIS) cohort: methodology and primary results. Spinal Cord 2021; 59: 821\u2013831.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-020-00594-1"},{"key":"132264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41393-020-00594-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-020-00594-1"},{"key":"132265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bossuyt FM, Arnet U, Brinkhof MWG, Eriks-Hoogland I, Lay V, Muller R, et al. Shoulder pain in the Swiss spinal cord injury community: prevalence and associated factors. Disabil Rehabil 2018; 40: 798\u2013805.","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1276974"},{"key":"132266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2016.1276974","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1276974"},{"key":"132267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alm M, Saraste H, Norrbrink C. Shoulder pain in persons with thoracic spinal cord injury: prevalence and characteristics. J Rehabil Med 2008; 40: 277\u2013283.","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0173"},{"key":"132268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/16501977-0173","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0173"},{"key":"132269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juel NG, Natvig B. Shoulder diagnoses in secondary care, a one year cohort. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15: 89.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-89"},{"key":"132270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2474-15-89","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-89"},{"key":"132271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luime JJ, Koes BW, Hendriksen IJ, Burdorf A, -Verhagen AP, Miedema HS, et al. Prevalence and incidence of shoulder pain in the general population: a systematic review. Scand J Rheumatol 2004; 33: 73\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03009740310004667","DOI":"10.1080\/03009740310004667"},{"key":"132272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haubert LL, Gutierrez DD, Newsam CJ, Gronley JK, Mulroy SJ, Perry J. A comparison of shoulder joint forces during ambulation with crutches versus a walker in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 87: 63\u201370.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.07.311"},{"key":"132273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.07.311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.07.311"},{"key":"132274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel RM, Gelber JD, Schickendantz MS. The weight-bearing shoulder. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2018; 26: 3\u201313.","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-15-00598"},{"key":"132275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5435\/jaaos-d-15-00598","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-15-00598"},{"key":"132276","unstructured":"Chhabra, HS. ISCoS textbook on comprehensive management of spinal cord injuries. Vol.1. New Delhi: Wolters Kluwer; 2015."},{"key":"132277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keightley J, Haagman B, Magner J, Debenham J. Models of care for musculoskeletal shoulder pain in spinal cord injury: a scoping review. J Spinal Cord Med 2024; 47: 327\u2013344.","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2023.2183335"},{"key":"132278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10790268.2023.2183335","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2023.2183335"},{"key":"132279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heutink M, Post MWM, Wollaars MM, van Asbeck FW. Chronic spinal cord injury pain: pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments and treatment effectiveness. Disabil Rehabil 2011; 33: 433\u2013440.","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2010.498557"},{"key":"132280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09638288.2010.498557","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2010.498557"},{"key":"132281","unstructured":"Regionalt v\u00e5rdprogram (RVP) f\u00f6r ryggm\u00e4rgsskaderehabilitering och livsl\u00e5ng uppf\u00f6ljning av ryggm\u00e4rgsskada. Region Stockholm 2019. Available from: https:\/\/kunskapsstodforvardgivare.se\/download\/18.6746d34717ce9d34f752df\/1720449379306\/RV_Ryggm%C3%A4rgsskada%20hos%20vuxna%20och%20barn.pdf"},{"key":"132282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park J, Kim J, Eun S, Kang D. Effectiveness of exercise programs for alleviation of upper body pain in patients with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Clin Med 2024; 13: 3066.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13113066"},{"key":"132283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13113066","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13113066"},{"key":"132284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyson-Hudson TA, Shiflett SC, Kirshblum SC, Bowen JE, Druin EL. Acupuncture and trager psychophysical integration in the treatment of wheelchair user\u2019s shoulder pain in individuals with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001; 82: 1038\u20131046.","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.24888"},{"key":"132285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/apmr.2001.24888","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.24888"},{"key":"132286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lovas J, Tran Y, Middleton J, Bartrop R, Moore N, Craig A. Managing pain and fatigue in people with spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial feasibility study examining the efficacy of massage therapy. Spinal Cord 2017; 55: 162\u2013166.","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.156"},{"key":"132287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2016.156","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.156"},{"key":"132288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fattal C, Coulet B, Gelis A, Rouays-Mabit H, Verollet C, Mauri C, et al. Rotator cuff surgery in persons with spinal cord injury: relevance of a multidisciplinary approach. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2014; 23: 1263\u20131267.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.01.011"},{"key":"132289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jse.2014.01.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2014.01.011"},{"key":"132290","unstructured":"Swedish register for rehabilitation medicine. Available from: https:\/\/svereh.registercentrum.se\/om-registret\/arsrapporter\/p\/r1szcwQZY"},{"key":"132291","unstructured":"International Spinal Cord Society (ISCoS) International SCI Data sets. Available from: https:\/\/www.iscos.org.uk\/page\/Int-SCI-Data-Sets"},{"key":"132292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itzkovich M, Gelernter I, Biering-Sorensen F, Weeks C, Laramee MT, Craven BC, et al. The Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM) version III: -Reliability and validity in a multi-center international study. Disabil Rehabil. 2007; 29: 1926\u20131933.","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280601046302"},{"key":"132293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638280601046302","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280601046302"},{"key":"132294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curtis KA, Roach KE, Applegate EB, Amar T, Benbow CS, Genecco TD, et al. Development of the Wheelchair User\u2019s Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI). Paraplegia 1995; 33: 290\u2013293.","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1995.65"},{"key":"132295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.1995.65","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1995.65"},{"key":"132296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samuelsson K, Tropp H, Gerdle B. Shoulder pain and its consequences in paraplegic spinal cord-injured, wheelchair users. Spinal Cord 2004; 42: 41\u201346.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101490"},{"key":"132297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.sc.3101490","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101490"},{"key":"132298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curtis KA, Roach KE, Applegate EB, Amar T, Benbow CS, Genecco TD, et al. Reliability and validity of the Wheelchair User\u2019s Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI). Paraplegia 1995; 33: 595\u2013601.","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1995.126"},{"key":"132299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.1995.126","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1995.126"},{"key":"132300","unstructured":"Dahlgren G, Hjalmarsson U, Lundin-Olsson L. Reliabilitetstestning av den svenska versionen av Shoulder Rating Questionnaire \u2013 SRQ-S. Nordisk Fysioterapi 2002; 6: 134\u2013143."},{"key":"132301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeVivo MJ, Biering-S\u00f8rensen F, New P, Chen Y. Standardization of data analysis and reporting of results from the International Spinal Cord Injury Core Data Set. Spinal Cord 2011; 49: 596\u2013599.","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.172"},{"key":"132302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2010.172","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.172"},{"key":"132303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marino RJ, Barros T, Biering-S\u00f6rensen F, Burns SP, -Donovan WH, Graves DE, et al. International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2003; 26: 50\u201356.","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2003.11754575"},{"key":"132304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10790268.2003.11754575","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2003.11754575"},{"key":"132305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bossuyt FM, Eriks-Hoogland I, Schubert M, Minder U, Brinkhof MWG, Arnet U. Determinants of between-person variation in shoulder pain in individuals with spinal cord injury: a population-based cohort study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2024; 11: 268\u2013276.","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002563"},{"key":"132306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002563","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002563"},{"key":"132307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrero G, Mijno E, Actis MV, Zampa A, Ratto N, Arpaia A, et al. Risk factors for shoulder pain in patients with spinal cord injury: a multicenter study. Musculoskelet Surg 2015; 99: 53\u201356.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-015-0363-2"},{"key":"132308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12306-015-0363-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-015-0363-2"},{"key":"132309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wellisch M, Lovett K, Harrold M, Juhl C, Juul-Kristensen B, McKenna L, et al. Treatment of shoulder pain in people with spinal cord injury who use manual wheelchairs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spinal Cord 2022; 60: 107\u2013114.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-021-00673-x"},{"key":"132310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41393-021-00673-x","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-021-00673-x"},{"key":"132311","unstructured":"Sie IH, Waters RL, Adkins RH, Gellman H. Upper extremity pain in the post rehabilitation spinal cord injured patient. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992; 73: 44\u201348."}],"container-title":["Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/medicaljournalssweden.se\/jrm\/article\/download\/43631\/51977","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/medicaljournalssweden.se\/jrm\/article\/download\/43631\/51977","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T09:16:29Z","timestamp":1762852589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/medicaljournalssweden.se\/jrm\/article\/view\/43631"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"references-count":51,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/jrm.v57.43631","relation":{},"ISSN":["1651-2081"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1651-2081","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]}}}