{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:30:13Z","timestamp":1791646213624,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MJS Publishing, Medical Journals Sweden AB","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JRM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To investigate the effects of motor imagery on psychological and physical outcomes during acute-phase rehabilitation following total knee arthroplasty.\nDesign: A single-blind, randomized controlled trial.\nSubjects\/Patients: Forty patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty and scored \u226537 on the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia were enrolled and randomly allocated to either a motor imagery group or a control group.\nMethods: Both groups received the same 2-week standard rehabilitation programme beginning within 48 h post-surgery. The motor imagery group additionally performed structured motor imagery sessions prior to exercise. Outcomes included kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing, self-efficacy, exercise adherence, pain intensity, knee range of motion, and quadriceps strength. Assessments were performed by blinded evaluators before and after the intervention.\nResults: Both groups showed significant improvements in all outcome measures (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), with the motor imagery group achieving significantly greater gains in psychological variables, pain reduction, and physical function compared with the control group (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\nConclusion: Motor imagery is an effective adjunct to early rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty. Its use enhances psychological resilience, supports adherence, and accelerates functional recovery, indicating its value in comprehensive, multidimensional rehabilitation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v57.43688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T07:08:05Z","timestamp":1764140885000},"page":"jrm43688","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Motor imagery enhances early rehabilitation in patients with high kinesiophobia after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.2340","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Jejeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongwoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1183","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"133824","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Y, Nguyen UDT, Lane NE, Lu N, Wei J, Lei G, et al. Knee osteoarthritis, potential mediators, and risk of all-cause mortality: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2021; 73: 566\u2013573.","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24151"},{"key":"133825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.24151","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24151"},{"key":"133826","unstructured":"Pang J, Cao YL, Zheng YX, Gao NY, Wang XZ, Chen B,"},{"key":"133827","unstructured":"et al. Influence of pain severity on health-related quality of life in Chinese knee osteoarthritis patients. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8: 4472\u20134479."},{"key":"133828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prieto-Alhambra D, Judge A, Javaid MK, Cooper C, Diez-Perez A, Arden NK. Incidence and risk factors for clinically diagnosed knee, hip and hand osteoarthritis: influences of age, gender and osteoarthritis affecting other joints. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 73: 1659\u20131664.","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203355"},{"key":"133829","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203355","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203355"},{"key":"133830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srikanth VK, Fryer JL, Zhai G, Winzenberg TM, Hosmer D, Jones G. A meta-analysis of sex differences prevalence, incidence and severity of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13: 769\u2013781.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2005.04.014"},{"key":"133831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2005.04.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2005.04.014"},{"key":"133832","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katz JN, Arant KR, Loeser RF. Diagnosis and treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis: a review. JAMA 2021; 325: 568\u2013578.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.22171"},{"key":"133833","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.22171","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.22171"},{"key":"133834","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhadra AK, Altman R, Dasa V, Myrick K, Rosen J, Vad V, et al. Appropriate use criteria for hyaluronic acid in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis in the United States. Cartilage 2017; 8: 234\u2013254.","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603516662503"},{"key":"133835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1947603516662503","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603516662503"},{"key":"133836","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrella M, Neves TM, Reis JG, Gomes MM, Oliveira RD, Abreu DC. Postural control parameters in elderly female fallers and non-fallers diagnosed or not with knee osteoarthritis. Rev Bras Reumatol 2012; 52: 512\u2013517.","DOI":"10.1590\/S0482-50042012000400004"},{"key":"133837","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bijlsma JW, Berenbaum F, Lafeber FP. Osteoarthritis: an update with relevance for clinical practice. Lancet 2011; 377: 2115\u20132126.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60243-2"},{"key":"133838","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60243-2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60243-2"},{"key":"133839","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felson DT, Lawrence RC, Dieppe PA, Hirsch R, Helmick CG, Jordan JM, et al. Osteoarthritis: new insights. Part 1: the disease and its risk factors. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133: 635\u2013646.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-8-200010170-00016"},{"key":"133840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-133-8-200010170-00016","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-8-200010170-00016"},{"key":"133841","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Briones-Cantero M, Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C, Lluch-Girbes E, Osuna-Perez MC, Navarro-Santana MJ, Plaza-Manzano G, et al. Effects of adding motor imagery to early physical therapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis who had received total knee arthroplasty: a randomized clinical trial. Pain Med 2020; 21: 3548\u20133555.","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa103"},{"key":"133842","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnaa103","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa103"},{"key":"133843","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeni JA Jr, Axe MJ, Snyder-Mackler L. Clinical predictors of elective total joint replacement in persons with end-stage knee osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11: 86.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-86"},{"key":"133844","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2474-11-86","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-86"},{"key":"133845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao J, Xing D, Dong S, Lin J. The primary total knee arthroplasty: a global analysis. J Orthop Surg Res 2020; 15: 190.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-01707-5"},{"key":"133846","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-020-01707-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-01707-5"},{"key":"133847","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candiri B, Talu B, Guner E, Ozen M. The effect of graded motor imagery training on pain, functional performance, motor imagery skills, and kinesiophobia after total knee arthroplasty: randomized controlled trial. Korean J Pain 2023; 36: 369\u2013381.","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.23020"},{"key":"133848","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3344\/kjp.23020","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.23020"},{"key":"133849","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mizner RL, Petterson SC, Snyder-Mackler L. Quadriceps strength and the time course of functional recovery after total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2005; 35: 424\u2013436.","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2005.35.7.424"},{"key":"133850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2005.35.7.424","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2005.35.7.424"},{"key":"133851","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourgeois B, Fan B, Johannsen N, Gonzalez MC, Ng BK, Sommer MJ, et al. Improved strength prediction combining clinically available measures of skeletal muscle mass and quality. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019; 10: 84\u201394.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12353"},{"key":"133852","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12353","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12353"},{"key":"133853","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rice DA, McNair PJ. Quadriceps arthrogenic muscle inhibition: neural mechanisms and treatment perspectives. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2010; 40: 250-266.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2009.10.001"},{"key":"133854","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2009.10.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2009.10.001"},{"key":"133855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasek C. An update on primary care management of knee osteoarthritis. JAAPA 2015; 28: 37\u201343.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000458853.38655.02"},{"key":"133856","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.JAA.0000458853.38655.02","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000458853.38655.02"},{"key":"133857","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen H, Li S, Ruan T, Liu L, Fang L. Is it necessary to perform prehabilitation exercise for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phys Sportsmed 2018; 46: 36\u201343.","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2018.1403274"},{"key":"133858","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee TH, Liu CH, Chen PC, Liou TH, Escorpizo R, Chen HC. Effectiveness of mental simulation practices after total knee arthroplasty in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2022; 17: e0269296.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269296"},{"key":"133859","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0269296","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269296"},{"key":"133860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paravlic AH, Pisot R, Marusic U. Specific and general adaptations following motor imagery practice focused on muscle strength in total knee arthroplasty rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2019; 14: e0221089.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221089"},{"key":"133861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0221089","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221089"},{"key":"133862","unstructured":"Kittelson AJ, Stackhouse SK, Stevens-Lapsley JE. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation after total joint arthroplasty: a critical review of recent controlled studies. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2013; 49(6): 909\u2013920."},{"key":"133863","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guney Yilmaz G, Akel BS, Sevimli Saitoglu Y, Aki E. Occupational self-perception level effects on the development of kinesiophobia in individuals with total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop 2023; 42: 80\u201386.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2023.07.020"},{"key":"133864","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jor.2023.07.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2023.07.020"},{"key":"133865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Gao W, Gao S, Guo X, Liu M, Cao C. Pain catastrophizing, kinesiophobia and exercise adherence in patients after total knee arthroplasty: the mediating role of exercise self-efficacy. J Pain Res 2023; 16: 3993\u20134004.","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S432106"},{"key":"133866","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JPR.S432106","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S432106"},{"key":"133867","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai L, Liu Y, Xu H, Xu Q, Wang Y, Lyu P. Incidence and risk factors of kinesiophobia after total knee arthroplasty in Zhengzhou, China: a cross-sectional study. J Arthroplasty 2018; 33: 2858\u20132862.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2018.04.028"},{"key":"133868","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arth.2018.04.028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2018.04.028"},{"key":"133869","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dominick GM, Zeni JA, White DK. Association of psychosocial factors with physical activity and function after total knee replacement: an exploratory study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2016; 97 9 Suppl: S218\u2013225.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.09.028"},{"key":"133870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.09.028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.09.028"},{"key":"133871","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olsson LE, Hansson E, Ekman I. Evaluation of person-centred care after hip replacement: a controlled before and after study on the effects of fear of movement and self-efficacy compared to standard care. BMC Nurs 2016; 15: 53.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-016-0173-3"},{"key":"133872","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-016-0173-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-016-0173-3"},{"key":"133873","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundberg M, Grimby-Ekman A, Verbunt J, Simmonds MJ. Pain-related fear: a critical review of the related measures. Pain Res Treat 2011; 2011: 494196.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/494196"},{"key":"133874","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2011\/494196","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/494196"},{"key":"133875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown OS, Hu L, Demetriou C, Smith TO, Hing CB. The effects of kinesiophobia on outcome following total knee replacement: a systematic review. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2020; 140: 2057\u20132070.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-020-03582-5"},{"key":"133876","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00402-020-03582-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-020-03582-5"},{"key":"133877","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakobov E, Stanish W, Tanzer M, Dunbar M, Richardson G, Sullivan MJL. The prognostic value of pain catastrophizing in health-related quality of life judgments after total knee arthroplasty. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2018; 16: 126.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-0955-2"},{"key":"133878","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-018-0955-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-0955-2"},{"key":"133879","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Lira MR, de Oliveira AS, Franca RA, Pereira AC, Godfrey EL, Chaves TC. The Brazilian Portuguese version of the Exercise Adherence Rating Scale (EARS-Br) showed acceptable reliability, validity and responsiveness in chronic low back pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21: 294.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03308-z"},{"key":"133880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-020-03308-z","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03308-z"},{"key":"133881","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salik Sengul Y, Kaya N, Yalcinkaya G, Kirmizi M, Kalemci O. The effects of the addition of motor imagery to home exercises on pain, disability and psychosocial parameters in patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Explore (NY) 2021; 17: 334\u2013339.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2020.02.001"},{"key":"133882","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.explore.2020.02.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2020.02.001"},{"key":"133883","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javdaneh N, Molayei F, Kamranifraz N. Effect of adding motor imagery training to neck stabilization exercises on pain, disability and kinesiophobia in patients with chronic neck pain. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2021; 42: 101263.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101263"},{"key":"133884","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101263"},{"key":"133885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thieme H, Morkisch N, Rietz C, Dohle C, Borgetto B. The efficacy of movement representation techniques for treatment of limb pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain 2016; 17: 167\u2013180.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.10.015"},{"key":"133886","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.10.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.10.015"},{"key":"133887","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimberley TJ, Khandekar G, Skraba LL, Spencer JA, Van Gorp EA, Walker SR. Neural substrates for motor imagery in severe hemiparesis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2006; 20: 268\u2013277.","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968306286958"},{"key":"133888","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1545968306286958","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968306286958"},{"key":"133889","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grezes J, Decety J. Functional anatomy of execution, mental simulation, observation, and verb generation of actions: a meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2001; 12: 1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0193(200101)12:1<1::AID-HBM10>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"133890","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-0193(200101)12:1<1::aid-hbm10>3.0.co; 2-v"},{"key":"133891","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeannerod M. Neural simulation of action: a unifying mechanism for motor cognition. Neuroimage 2001; 14(1 Pt 2): S103-109.","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0832"},{"key":"133892","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/nimg.2001.0832","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0832"},{"key":"133893","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurst AJ, Boe SG. Imagining the way forward: a review of contemporary motor imagery theory. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16: 1033493.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.1033493"},{"key":"133894","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2022.1033493","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.1033493"},{"key":"133895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Shea H, Moran A. Does motor simulation theory explain the cognitive mechanisms underlying motor imagery? A critical review. Fronti Hum Neurosci 2017; 11: 72.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00072"},{"key":"133896","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeannerod M. Actions from within. Int J Sport Exerc Psycholy 2004; 2: 376\u2013402.","DOI":"10.1080\/1612197X.2004.9671752"},{"key":"133897","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annett J. Motor imagery: perception or action? Neuropsychologia 1995; 33: 1395\u20131417.","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(95)00072-B"},{"key":"133898","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0028-3932(95)00072-b","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(95)00072-B"},{"key":"133899","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeannerod M. Mental imagery in the motor context. Neuropsychologia 1995; 33: 1419\u20131432.","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(95)00073-C"},{"key":"133900","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0028-3932(95)00073-c","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(95)00073-C"},{"key":"133901","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moukarzel M, Di Rienzo F, Lahoud JC, Hoyek F, Collet C, Guillot A, et al. The therapeutic role of motor imagery during the acute phase after total knee arthroplasty: a pilot study. Disabil Rehabil 2019; 41: 926\u2013933.","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2017.1419289"},{"key":"133902","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2017.1419289","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2017.1419289"},{"key":"133903","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mizner RL, Petterson SC, Stevens JE, Vandenborne K, Snyder-Mackler L. Early quadriceps strength loss after total knee arthroplasty: the contributions of muscle atrophy and failure of voluntary muscle activation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005; 87: 1047\u20131053.","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.01992"},{"key":"133904","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.D.01992","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.D.01992"},{"key":"133905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paravlic AH, Meulenberg CJ, Drole K. The time course of quadriceps strength recovery after total knee arthroplasty is influenced by body mass index, sex, and age of patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9: 865412.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.865412"},{"key":"133906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.865412","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.865412"},{"key":"133907","unstructured":"Kocic M, Stankovic A, Lazovic M, Dimitrijevic L, Stankovic I, Spalevic M, et al. Influence of fear of movement on total knee arthroplasty outcome. Ann Ital Chir 2015; 86: 148\u2013155."},{"key":"133908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bade MJ, Kohrt WM, Stevens-Lapsley JE. Outcomes before and after total knee arthroplasty compared to healthy adults. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010; 40: 559\u2013567.","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2010.3317"},{"key":"133909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye D-L, Plante I, Roy M, Ouellet JA, Ferland CE. The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia: structural validation among adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis undergoing spinal fusion surgery. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2020; 40: 546\u2013556.","DOI":"10.1080\/01942638.2020.1720054"},{"key":"133910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mistry JB, Elmallah RD, Bhave A, Chughtai M, Cherian JJ, McGinn T, et al. Rehabilitative guidelines after total knee arthroplasty: a review. J Knee Surg 2016; 29: 201\u2013217.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1579670"},{"key":"133911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0036-1579670","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1579670"},{"key":"133912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundberg MK, Styf J, Carlsson SG. A psychometric evaluation of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia \u2013 from a physiotherapeutic perspective. Physiother Theory Pract 2004; 20: 121\u2013133.","DOI":"10.1080\/09593980490453002"},{"key":"133913","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burwinkle T, Robinson JP, Turk DC. Fear of movement: factor structure of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Pain 2005; 6: 384\u2013391.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2005.01.355"},{"key":"133914","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2005.01.355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2005.01.355"},{"key":"133915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monticone M, Giorgi I, Baiardi P, Barbieri M, Rocca B, Bonezzi C. Development of the Italian version of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-I): cross-cultural adaptation, factor analysis, reliability, and validity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010; 35: 1241\u20131246.","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181bfcbf6"},{"key":"133916","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181bfcbf6","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181bfcbf6"},{"key":"133917","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"French DJ, France CR, Vigneau F, French JA, Evans RT. Fear of movement\/(re)injury in chronic pain: a psychometric assessment of the original English version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK). Pain 2007; 127: 42\u201351.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.07.016"},{"key":"133918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2006.07.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.07.016"},{"key":"133919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung L. Pain catastrophizing: an updated review. -Indian J Psychol Med 2012; 34: 204\u2013217.","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.106012"},{"key":"133920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0253-7176.106012","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.106012"},{"key":"133921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craner JR, Gilliam WP, Sperry JA. Rumination, magnification, and helplessness: how do different aspects of pain catastrophizing relate to pain severity and functioning? Clin J Pain 2016; 32: 1028\u20131035.","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000355"},{"key":"133922","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000355","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000355"},{"key":"133923","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hovik LH, Winther SB, Foss OA, Gjeilo KH. Preoperative pain catastrophizing and postoperative pain after total knee arthroplasty: a prospective cohort study with one year follow-up. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17: 214.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1073-0"},{"key":"133924","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-016-1073-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1073-0"},{"key":"133925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho S, Kim HY, Lee JH. Validation of the Korean version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale in patients with chronic non-cancer pain. Qual Life Res 2013; 22: 1767\u20131772.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-012-0308-2"},{"key":"133926","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-012-0308-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-012-0308-2"},{"key":"133927","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brand E, Nyland J, Henzman C, McGinnis M. Arthritis self-efficacy scale scores in knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing arthritis self-management education with or without exercise. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013; 43: 895\u2013910.","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2013.4471"},{"key":"133928","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2013.4471","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2013.4471"},{"key":"133929","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorig K, Holman HR. Long-term outcomes of an arthritis self-management study: effects of reinforcement efforts. Soc Sci Med 1989; 29: 221\u2013224.","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(89)90170-6"},{"key":"133930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(89)90170-6","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(89)90170-6"},{"key":"133931","unstructured":"Oh H-A, Kim J-I. The relationship among the health promoting behavior, pain, self-esteem, family support and self-efficacy in patients with chronic arthritis. J Muscle Joint Health 2004; 11: 50\u201360."},{"key":"133932","unstructured":"Jung K-A, Lee W-H. The influence of clinical symptoms and self-efficacy on function in women with osteoarthritis. Phys Ther Korea 2007; 14: 55\u201363."},{"key":"133933","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Y, Xu J, Zhang X, Chen G. The relationship between exercise commitment and college students\u2019 exercise adherence: the chained mediating role of exercise atmosphere and exercise self-efficacy. Acta Psychologica 2024; 246: 104253.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104253"},{"key":"133934","unstructured":"Choi S. The validation of an exercise adherence questionnaire for leisure and recreation. Korean J Phys Educ 2004; 43: 237\u2013247."},{"key":"133935","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stebbins RA. Serious leisure: a conceptual statement. Pacific Sociological Review 1982; 25: 251\u2013272.","DOI":"10.2307\/1388726"},{"key":"133936","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stebbins RA. Casual leisure: a conceptual statement. Leisure Studies 1997; 16: 17\u201325.","DOI":"10.1080\/026143697375485"},{"key":"133937","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stebbins RA. The costs and benefits of hedonism: some consequences of taking casual leisure seriously. Leisure Studies 2001; 20: 305\u2013309.","DOI":"10.1080\/02614360110086561"},{"key":"133938","unstructured":"Ajzen I. Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1980."},{"key":"133939","unstructured":"Corbin CB, Lindsay R. Concepts of physical fitness: with laboratories. 9th ed. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown; 1994."},{"key":"133940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz-Heredia J, Loza E, Cebreiro I, Ruiz Iban MA. Preventive analgesia in hip or knee arthroplasty: a systematic review. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol 2015; 59: 73\u201390.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recote.2015.01.006"},{"key":"133941","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.recot.2014.09.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recot.2014.09.004"},{"key":"133942","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huskisson EC. Measurement of pain. Lancet 1974; 2(7889): 1127\u20131131.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)90884-8"},{"key":"133943","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(74)90884-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)90884-8"},{"key":"133944","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenny JY, Bureggah A, Diesinger Y. Measurement of the knee flexion angle with smartphone applications: which technology is better? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2016; 24: 2874\u20132877.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-015-3537-4"},{"key":"133945","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00167-015-3537-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-015-3537-4"},{"key":"133946","unstructured":"Hansen EM, McCartney CN, Sweeney RS, Palimenio MR, Grindstaff TL. Hand-held dynamometer positioning impacts discomfort during quadriceps strength testing: a validity and reliability study. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2015; 10: 62\u201368."},{"key":"133947","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai L, Gao H, Xu H, Wang Y, Lyu P, Liu Y. Does a program based on cognitive behavioral therapy affect kinesiophobia in patients following total knee arthroplasty? A randomized, controlled trial with a 6-month follow-up. J Arthroplasty 2018; 33: 704\u2013710.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.10.035"},{"key":"133948","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arth.2017.10.035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.10.035"},{"key":"133949","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia Carrasco D, Aboitiz Cantalapiedra J. Effectiveness of motor imagery or mental practice in functional recovery after stroke: a systematic review. Neurologia 2016; 31: 43\u201352.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrleng.2013.02.008"},{"key":"133950","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nrl.2013.02.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2013.02.003"},{"key":"133951","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickstein R, Deutsch JE. Motor imagery in physical therapist practice. Phys Ther 2007; 87: 942\u2013953.","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20060331"},{"key":"133952","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20060331","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20060331"},{"key":"133953","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira MG, de Oliveira L, Erthal FS, Joffily M, Mocaiber IF, Volchan E, et al. Emotion affects action: midcingulate cortex as a pivotal node of interaction between negative emotion and motor signals. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2010; 10: 94\u2013106.","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.10.1.94"},{"key":"133954","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulkarni B, Bentley D, Elliott R, Julyan PJ, Boger E, Watson A, et al. Arthritic pain is processed in brain areas concerned with emotions and fear. Arthritis Rheumatism 2007; 56: 1345\u20131354.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22460"},{"key":"133955","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moseley LG. I can\u2019t find it! Distorted body image and tactile dysfunction in patients with chronic back pain. Pain 2008; 140: 239\u2013243.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.08.001"},{"key":"133956","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parsons LM. Integrating cognitive psychology, neurology and neuroimaging. Acta Psychologica 2001; 107: 155\u2013181.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(01)00023-3"},{"key":"133957","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louw A, Schmidt SG, Louw C, Puentedura EJ. Moving without moving: immediate management following lumbar spine surgery using a graded motor imagery approach: a case report. Physiother Theory Pract 2015; 31: 509\u2013517.","DOI":"10.3109\/09593985.2015.1060656"},{"key":"133958","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araya-Quintanilla F, Gutierrez-Espinoza H, Jesus Munoz-Yanez M, Rubio-Oyarzun D, Cavero-Redondo I, Martinez-Vizcaino V, et al. The short-term effect of graded motor imagery on the affective components of pain in subjects with chronic shoulder pain syndrome: open-label single-arm prospective study. Pain Med 2020; 21: 2496\u20132501.","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz364"},{"key":"133959","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnz364","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz364"},{"key":"133960","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev 1977; 84: 191\u2013215.","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191"},{"key":"133961","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/\/0033-295x.84.2.191","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-295X.84.2.191"},{"key":"133962","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zelle DM, Corpeleijn E, Klaassen G, Schutte E, Navis G, Bakker SJ. Fear of movement and low self-efficacy are important barriers in physical activity after renal transplantation. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0147609.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147609"},{"key":"133963","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0147609","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147609"},{"key":"133964","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuenca-Martinez F, Suso-Marti L, Leon-Hernandez JV, La Touche R. The role of movement representation techniques in the motor learning process: a neurophysiological hypothesis and a narrative review. Brain Sci 2020; 10: 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10010027"},{"key":"133965","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci10010027","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10010027"},{"key":"133966","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Locke HS, Braver TS. Motivational influences on cognitive control: behavior, brain activation, and individual differences. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2008; 8: 99\u2013112.","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.8.1.99"},{"key":"133967","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/cabn.8.1.99","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.8.1.99"},{"key":"133968","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kranczioch C, Mathews S, Dean PJ, Sterr A. On the equivalence of executed and imagined movements: evidence from lateralized motor and nonmotor potentials. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30: 3275\u20133286.","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20748"},{"key":"133969","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munzert J, Lorey B, Zentgraf K. Cognitive motor processes: the role of motor imagery in the study of motor representations. Brain Rese Revi 2009; 60: 306\u2013326.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.12.024"},{"key":"133970","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vrana A, Hotz-Boendermaker S, Stampfli P, Hanggi J, -Seifritz E, Humphreys BK, et al. Differential neural processing during motor imagery of daily activities in chronic low back pain patients. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0142391.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142391"},{"key":"133971","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0142391","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142391"},{"key":"133972","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valerio Allemanini FZ. Low back pain rehabilitation using motor imagery. Gen Med: Open Access 2013; 1: 4.","DOI":"10.4172\/2327-5146.1000119"},{"key":"133973","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2327-5146.1000119","DOI":"10.4172\/2327-5146.1000119"},{"key":"133974","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee JS, Hobden E, Stiell IG, Wells GA. Clinically important change in the visual analog scale after adequate pain control. Acad Emerg Med 2003; 10: 1128\u20131130.","DOI":"10.1197\/S1069-6563(03)00372-5"},{"key":"133975","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00586.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00586.x"},{"key":"133976","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho WS, Ahn HS, Kim MY, Seol ES, Lee SW, Choi JW. Pain after total knee arthroplasty. J Korean Orthop Assoc 2006; 41: 129\u2013133.","DOI":"10.4055\/jkoa.2006.41.1.129"},{"key":"133977","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lienhard K, Lauermann S, Schneider D, Item-Glatthorn J, Casartelli N, Maffiuletti N. Validity and reliability of isometric, isokinetic and isoinertial modalities for the assessment of quadriceps muscle strength in patients with total knee arthroplasty. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2013; 23: 1283\u20131288.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2013.09.004"},{"key":"133978","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopkins JT, Ingersoll CD. Arthrogenic muscle inhibition: a limiting factor in joint rehabilitation. J Sport Rehabil 2000; 9: 135\u2013159.","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.9.2.135"},{"key":"133979","unstructured":"Koori SH. Kinesiophobia: a new view of chronic pain -behavior. Pain Manage 1990; 3: 35\u201343."},{"key":"133980","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlaeyen JWS, Linton SJ. Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain 2000; 85: 317\u2013332.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00242-0"},{"key":"133981","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0304-3959(99)00242-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00242-0"},{"key":"133982","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McAuley E, Szabo A, Gothe N, Olson EA. Self-efficacy: implications for physical activity, function, and functional limitations in older adults. Am J Lifestyle Med 2011; 5: 10.1177\/1559827610392704.","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827610392704"},{"key":"133983","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1559827610392704","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827610392704"}],"container-title":["Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/medicaljournalssweden.se\/jrm\/article\/download\/43688\/52126","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/medicaljournalssweden.se\/jrm\/article\/download\/43688\/52126","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T07:09:25Z","timestamp":1764140965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/medicaljournalssweden.se\/jrm\/article\/view\/43688"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"references-count":160,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/jrm.v57.43688","relation":{},"ISSN":["1651-2081"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1651-2081","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]}}}