{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T12:54:53Z","timestamp":1782219293623,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MJS Publishing, Medical Journals Sweden AB","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JRM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To describe limitations in functioning (activities and participation) and environmental and personal factors that are associated with functioning using the ICF framework among persons living with spinal cord injury in the community of Bangladesh.\nDesign: Cross-sectional study, Bangladesh arm of the International Spinal Cord Injury (InSCI) Community Survey (2023\u20132024).\nSubjects\/Patients: 789 individuals with spinal cord injury.\nMethods: Face-to-face interview through culturally adapted InSCI questionnaires. Generalized linear models were used to determine the associated factors.\nResults: Participants were predominantly male (73%), aged 18\u201340 years (51%), and from rural areas (63%). More than one-third had tetraplegia (34%). Tetraplegic participants reported greater limitations across all ICF domains compared with paraplegics (all p\u2009&lt;\u2009\u20090.01). Determinants of poorer outcomes included male sex, younger age, low education, rural residence, and severe injury of all ICF domains. \nConclusion: Individuals with spinal cord injury in Bangladesh face severe restrictions in functioning and participation, shaped by sociodemographic and clinical factors. These findings echo global evidence from other InSCI countries and LMIC studies, highlighting systemic barriers common to resource-constrained settings. Addressing these disparities through accessible rehabilitation, policy reforms, and cross-national knowledge exchange is critical to advancing equitable spinal cord injury care worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v58.44856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T12:31:43Z","timestamp":1782217903000},"page":"jrm44856","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Living with spinal cord injury in the community of Bangladesh: a comprehensive analysis using the ICF framework"],"prefix":"10.2340","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Taslim","family":"Uddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5272-6693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Tariqul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0005-8889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rijwan","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4983-0086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anika","family":"Tasnim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8452-1641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Sohrab","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7598-2550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Atiqul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1183","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"159878","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safdarian M, Trinka E, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Thomschewski A, Aali A, Abady GG, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of spinal cord injury, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol 2023; 22: 1026\u20131047.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00287-9"},{"key":"159879","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Covell MM, Naik A, Shaffer A, Cramer SW, Alan N, Shabani HK, et al. Social determinants of health impact spinal cord injury outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-epidemiological study. Neurosurgery 2023; 94: 893\u2013902.","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002765"},{"key":"159880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uddin T, Islam MT, Hossain M, Hossain MS, Salek AKM, Islam MJ, et al. Demographic and clinical characteristics of persons with spinal cord injury in Bangladesh: database for the International Spinal Cord Injury Community Survey 2023. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4: 598\u2013604.","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2023.0040"},{"key":"159881","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain MS, Rahman MA, Bowden JL, Quadir MM, Herbert RD, Harvey LA. Psychological and socioeconomic status, complications and quality of life in people with spinal cord injuries after discharge from hospital in Bangladesh: a cohort study. Spinal Cord 2016; 54: 483\u2013489.","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2015.179"},{"key":"159882","unstructured":"Bickenbach J, Officer A, Shakespeare T, von Groote P, Organization WH, Society TISC. International perspectives on spinal cord injury [Serial on the Internet]. World Health Organization; 2013 [cited 2025 June 24]. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/94190"},{"key":"159883","unstructured":"Uddin T, Siddiquee N, Rahman MA, Helal SU, Kiekens C. Rehabilitation of persons with spinal cord injury in Bangladesh. Mymensingh Med J 2022; 31: 1093\u20131101."},{"key":"159884","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Rehabilitation [Serial on the Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024 [cited 2026 Apr 1]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/rehabilitation"},{"key":"159885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donovan WH. Donald Munro Lecture. Spinal cord injury: past, present, and future. J Spinal Cord Med 2007; 30: 85\u2013100.","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2007.11753918"},{"key":"159886","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krause JS, Newman SD. Clinical outcomes after spinal cord injury. In: Handbook of neurochemistry and molecular neurobiology [Serial on the Internet]. Boston, MA: Springer; 2009 [cited 2026 Apr 1], p. 615\u2013632.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-30375-8_27"},{"key":"159887","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health [Serial on the Internet]. 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Community integration and life satisfaction among individuals with spinal cord injury living in the community after receiving institutional care in Bangladesh. Disabil Rehabil 2018; 40: 1033\u20131040.","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2017.1283713"},{"key":"159891","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gross-Hemmi MH, Post MWM, Ehrmann C, Fekete C, Hasnan N, Middleton JW, et al. Study protocol of the International Spinal Cord Injury (InSCI) Community Survey. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2017; 96: S23\u2013S34.","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000647"},{"key":"159892","unstructured":"International Spinal Cord Society. International Spinal Cord Injury Survey [Serial on the Internet]. Switzerland: Swiss Paraplegic Research; 2017 May [cited 2026 Mar 20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.swisci.ch\/images\/InSCI\/InSCI_Questionnaire.pdf"},{"key":"159893","unstructured":"WHO. Brief Model Disability Survey (Brief MDS) [Serial on the Internet]. 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