{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:09:36Z","timestamp":1775736576196,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MJS Publishing, Medical Journals Sweden AB","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JRM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To compare manual dexterity in patients with writer\u2019s cramp and healthy controls to determine which components of dexterity are impaired in writer\u2019s cramp. In addition, to assess the effects of rehabilitation.\nDesign: Cross-sectional primary study, longitudinal secondary study.\nSubjects\/Patients: 23 patients with writer\u2019s cramp and 20 healthy age- and sex-matched control subjects.\nMethods: Degree of manual dexterity (through 3\u00a0tasks) and handwriting symptoms were assessed, and effects of rehabilitation probed.\nResults: Patients with writer\u2019s cramp showed significantly lower handwriting speed (97 letters\/min) and legibility (BFM score\u2009=\u20091.3) compared with control subjects (171 letters\/min, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; BFM score\u2009=\u20090.15, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Only the task quantifying finger independence showed weaker finger selectivity (median\u2009=\u20090.84) in patients compared with controls (median\u2009=\u20090.89, p\u2009=\u20090.01). The other 2 tasks, maximal finger tapping and visuomotor finger force-tracking, did not reveal significant group differences (all p\u2009&gt;\u20090.44). In patients, automated writing legibility correlated with finger selectivity (r\u2009=\u20090.50, p\u2009=\u20090.02). Rehabilitation improved dexterity (selectivity and force-tracking) and automated writing legibility.\nConclusion: In this multi-component analysis of manual dexterity, reduced selectivity of finger movements was identified as the main behavioural mechanism (deficit) in writer\u2019s cramp, associated with writing speed. In contrast, force control and tapping speed were unaffected. Selective finger activation can be improved with therapy targeting dextrous finger movements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v58.45215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T11:26:46Z","timestamp":1775734006000},"page":"jrm45215","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Specific components of manual dexterity are affected in patients with writer\u2019s cramp: an observational comparative study and preliminary rehabilitation report"],"prefix":"10.2340","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Bleton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raphael B.","family":"Takyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Verneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cedric","family":"Monchaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Peron Magnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Sangla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Yavchitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc A.","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P\u00e5vel G.","family":"Lindberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1183","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"148109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin PT, Hallett M. The pathophysiology of focal hand dystonia. J Hand Ther 2009; 22: 109\u2013113.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2008.10.008"},{"key":"148110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jht.2008.10.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2008.10.008"},{"key":"148111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeuner KE, Baumann A, Witt K. Treatment of writer\u2019s cramp based on current pathophysiological concepts. Dystonia 2023; 2: 11067.","DOI":"10.3389\/dyst.2023.11067"},{"key":"148112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/dyst.2023.11067","DOI":"10.3389\/dyst.2023.11067"},{"key":"148113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amouzandeh A, Grossbach M, Hermsd\u00f6rfer J, Altenm\u00fcller E. Pathophysiology of writer\u2019s cramp: an exploratory study on task-specificity and non-motor symptoms using an extended fine-motor testing battery. J Clin Mov Disord 2017; 4: 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40734-017-0060-4"},{"key":"148114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40734-017-0060-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40734-017-0060-4"},{"key":"148115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bleton JP, Teremetz M, Vidailhet M, Mesure S, Maier MA, Lindberg PG. Impaired force control in writer\u2019s cramp showing a bilateral deficit in sensorimotor integration. Mov Disord 2014; 29: 130\u2013134.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25690"},{"key":"148116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.25690","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25690"},{"key":"148117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes M, McLellan DL. Increased co-activation of the upper limb muscles in writer\u2019s cramp. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985; 48: 782\u2013787.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.48.8.782"},{"key":"148118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.48.8.782","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.48.8.782"},{"key":"148119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrien DJ, Burgunder JM, Wiesendanger M. Disturbed sensorimotor processing during control of precision grip in patients with writer\u2019s cramp. Mov Disord 2000; 15: 965\u2013972.","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200009)15:5<965::AID-MDS1030>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"148120","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1531-8257(200009)15:5 < 965::aid-mds1030 > 3.0.co;2-0"},{"key":"148121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez V, Sadato N, Karp B, Deiber MP, Hallett M. Deficient activation of the motor cortical network in patients with writer\u2019s cramp. Neurology 1999; 53: 96\u2013105.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.1.96"},{"key":"148122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.53.1.96","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.1.96"},{"key":"148123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hubsch C, Roze E, Popa T, Russo M, Balachandran A, Pradeep S et al. Defective cerebellar control of cortical plasticity in writer\u2019s cramp. Brain 2013; 136: 2050\u20132062.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt147"},{"key":"148124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awt147","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt147"},{"key":"148125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langbour N, Michel V, Dilharreguy B, Guehl D, Allard M, Burbaud P. The cortical processing of sensorimotor sequences is disrupted in writer\u2019s cramp. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27: 2544\u20132559.","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw108"},{"key":"148126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhw108","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw108"},{"key":"148127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allg\u00f6wer K, F\u00fcrholzer W, Hermsd\u00f6rfer J. Impaired performance of patients with writer\u2019s cramp in complex fine motor tasks. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129: 2392\u20132402.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.09.005"},{"key":"148128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.09.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.09.005"},{"key":"148129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murase N, Kaji R, Shimazu H, Katayama-Hirota M, Ikeda A, Kohara N, et al. Abnormal premovement gating of somatosensory input in writer\u2019s cramp. Brain 2000; 123: 1813\u20131829.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.9.1813"},{"key":"148130","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/123.9.1813.x"},{"key":"148131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider AS, F\u00fcrholzer W, Marquardt C, Hermsd\u00f6rfer J. Task specific grip force control in writer\u2019s cramp. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125: 786\u2013797.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.09.043"},{"key":"148132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.09.043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.09.043"},{"key":"148133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Russotto D, Perlmutter JS. Task-specific dystonias: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1142: 179\u2013199.","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1444.012"},{"key":"148134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1196\/annals.1444.012","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1444.012"},{"key":"148135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermsd\u00f6rfer J, Marquardt C, Schneider AS, F\u00fcrholzer W, Baur B. Significance of finger forces and kinematics during handwriting in writer\u2019s cramp. Hum Mov Sci 2011; 30: 807\u2013817.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2010.04.004"},{"key":"148136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humov.2010.04.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2010.04.004"},{"key":"148137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bukhari-Parlakturk N, Lutz MW, Al-Khalidi HR, Unnithan S, Wang JE, Scott B, et al. Suitability of automated writing measures for clinical trial outcome in writer\u2019s cramp. Mov Disord 2023; 38: 123\u2013132.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29237"},{"key":"148138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29237","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29237"},{"key":"148139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen LG, Hallett M. Hand cramps: clinical features and electromyographic patterns in a focal dystonia. Neurology 1988; 38: 1005\u20131012.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.7.1005"},{"key":"148140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.38.7.1005","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.7.1005"},{"key":"148141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furuya S, Altenm\u00fcller E. Finger-specific loss of independent control of movements in musicians with focal dystonia. Neuroscience 2013; 247: 152\u2013163.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.05.025"},{"key":"148142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.05.025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.05.025"},{"key":"148143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baur B, F\u00fcrholzer W, Marquardt C, Hermsd\u00f6rfer J. Auditory grip force feedback in the treatment of writer\u2019s cramp. J Hand Ther 2009; 22: 163\u2013170; quiz 171.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2008.11.001"},{"key":"148144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jht.2008.11.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2008.11.001"},{"key":"148145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeuner KE, Shill HA, Sohn YH, Molloy FM, Thornton BC, Dambrosia JM, et al. Motor training as treatment in focal hand dystonia. Mov Disord 2005; 20: 335\u2013341.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20314"},{"key":"148146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.20314","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20314"},{"key":"148147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00e9r\u00e9metz M, Colle F, Hamdoun S, Maier MA, Lindberg PG. A novel method for the quantification of key components of manual dexterity after stroke. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2015; 12: 64.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0054-0"},{"key":"148148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12984-015-0054-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0054-0"},{"key":"148149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wissel J, Kabus C, Wenzel R, Klepsch S, Schwarz U, Nebe A, et al. Botulinum toxin in writer\u2019s cramp: objective response evaluation in 31 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 61: 172\u2013175.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.61.2.172"},{"key":"148150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.61.2.172","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.61.2.172"},{"key":"148151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burke RE, Fahn S, Marsden CD, Bressman SB, Moskowitz C, Friedman J. Validity and reliability of a rating scale for the primary torsion dystonias. Neurology 1985; 35: 73\u201377.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.1.73"},{"key":"148152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/wnl.35.1.73","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.1.73"},{"key":"148153","unstructured":"Mueller R. OneNote: Optical Character Recognition \u2013 TechNet Articles \u2013 United States (English) \u2013 TechNet Wiki [Internet]. Microsoft Corporation; 2018. Available from: https:\/\/social.technet.microsoft.com\/wiki\/contents\/articles\/20937.onenote-optical-character-recognition\/history.aspx"},{"key":"148154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeuner KE, Bara-Jimenez W, Noguchi PS, Goldstein SR, Dambrosia JM, Hallett M. Sensory training for patients with focal hand dystonia. Ann Neurol 2002; 51: 593\u2013598.","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10174"},{"key":"148155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ana.10174","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10174"},{"key":"148156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candia V, Wienbruch C, Elbert T, Rockstroh B, Ray W. Effective behavioral treatment of focal hand dystonia in musicians alters somatosensory cortical organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100: 7942\u20137946.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1231193100"},{"key":"148157","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1231193100.11"},{"key":"148158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bleton JP. Physiotherapy of focal dystonia: a physiotherapist\u2019s personal experience. Eur J Neurol 2010; 17(Suppl 1): 107\u2013112.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03061.x"},{"key":"148159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03061.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03061.x"},{"key":"148160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johansson RS, Flanagan JR. Coding and use of tactile signals from the fingertips in object manipulation tasks. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10: 345\u2013359.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2621"},{"key":"148161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn2621","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2621"},{"key":"148162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheehy MP, Marsden CD. Writers\u2019 cramp \u2013 a focal dystonia. Brain 1982; 105: 461\u2013480.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/105.3.461"},{"key":"148163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/105.3.461","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/105.3.461"},{"key":"148164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tinazzi M, Fiorio M, Fiaschi A, Rothwell JC, Bhatia KP. Sensory functions in dystonia: insights from behavioral studies. Mov Disord 2009; 24: 1427\u20131436.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22490"},{"key":"148165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22490","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22490"},{"key":"148166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scontrini A, Conte A, Defazio G, Fiorio M, Fabbrini G, Suppa A, et al. Somatosensory temporal discrimination in patients with primary focal dystonia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009; 80: 1315\u20131319.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.178236"},{"key":"148167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2009.178236","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.178236"},{"key":"148168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prodoehl J, Corcos DM, Vaillancourt DE. Effects of focal hand dystonia on visually guided and internally guided force control. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77: 909\u2013914.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.091363"},{"key":"148169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2006.091363","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.091363"},{"key":"148170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farmer SF, Sheean GL, Mayston MJ, Rothwell JC, Marsden CD, Conway BA, et al. Abnormal motor unit synchronization of antagonist muscles underlies pathological co-contraction in upper limb dystonia. Brain 1998; 121: 801\u2013814.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.5.801"},{"key":"148171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/121.5.801","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.5.801"},{"key":"148172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagerweij SAJEA, van Zijl JC, Smit M, Eggink H, Oterdoom DLM, van Dijk JMC, et al. Intermuscular coherence during co-contraction eliciting tasks as a biomarker for dystonia and GPi-DBS efficacy. Clin Neurophysiol 2025; 170: 70\u201379.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2024.12.011"},{"key":"148173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinph.2024.12.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2024.12.011"},{"key":"148174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagerweij SAJEA, Smit M, Centen LM, van Dijk JMC, van Egmond ME, Elting JW, et al. Connecting the dots: a systematic review on coherence analysis in dystonia. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 200: 106616.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106616"},{"key":"148175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106616"},{"key":"148176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck S, Richardson SP, Shamim EA, Dang N, Schubert M, Hallett M. Short intracortical and surround inhibition are selectively reduced during movement initiation in focal hand dystonia. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 10363\u201310369.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3564-08.2008"},{"key":"148177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3564-08.2008","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3564-08.2008"},{"key":"148178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bleton JP, Vidailhet M, Bourdain F, Ducorps A, Schwartz D, Delmaire C, et al. Somatosensory cortical remodelling after rehabilitation and clinical benefit of in writer\u2019s cramp. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011; 82: 574\u2013577.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.192476"},{"key":"148179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2009.192476","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.192476"},{"key":"148180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quartarone A, Hallett M. Emerging concepts in the physiological basis of dystonia. Mov Disord 2013; 28: 958\u2013967.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25532"},{"key":"148181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.25532","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25532"},{"key":"148182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler K, Sadnicka A, Freeman J, Meppelink A-M, Pare\u00e9s I, Edwards MJ. Sensory-motor rehabilitation therapy for task-specific focal hand dystonia: a feasibility study. Hand Therapy 2018; 23: 53\u201363.","DOI":"10.1177\/1758998318764219"},{"key":"148183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1758998318764219","DOI":"10.1177\/1758998318764219"},{"key":"148184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butler K, Sadnicka A, Edwards MJ, Freeman J. Long-term (seven-year) follow-up of sensory-motor rehabilitation therapy for task-specific focal hand dystonia. J Hand Ther 2025; 38: 799\u2013809.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2025.02.008"},{"key":"148185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jht.2025.02.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2025.02.008"},{"key":"148186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prudente CN, Zetterberg L, Bring A, Bradnam L, Kimberley TJ. Systematic review of rehabilitation in focal dystonias: classification and recommendations. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2018; 5: 237\u2013245.","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12574"},{"key":"148187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mdc3.12574","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12574"},{"key":"148188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocchi L, Latorre A, Menozzi E, Rispoli V, Rothwell JC, Berardelli A, et al. Amelioration of focal hand dystonia via low-frequency repetitive somatosensory stimulation. Mov Disord 2024; 39: 2220\u20132229.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30011"},{"key":"148189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.30011","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30011"},{"key":"148190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimberley TJ, Schmidt RL, Chen M, Dykstra DD, Buetefisch CM. Mixed effectiveness of rTMS and retraining in the treatment of focal hand dystonia. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9: 385.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00385"},{"key":"148191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00385","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00385"},{"key":"148192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menon V, Varadharajan N, Bascarane S, Andrade C. Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation in focal hand dystonia: systematic review of intervention trials. Asian J Psychiatr 2023; 80: 103437.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2022.103437"},{"key":"148193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2022.103437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2022.103437"},{"key":"148194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidailhet M, Vercueil L, Houeto JL, Krystkowiak P, Benabid AL, Cornu P, et al. Bilateral deep-brain stimulation of the globus pallidus in primary generalized dystonia. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 459\u2013467.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042187"},{"key":"148195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa042187","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042187"},{"key":"148196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delnooz CC, Horstink MW, Tijssen MA, van de Warrenburg BP. Paramedical treatment in primary dystonia: a systematic review. Mov Disord 2009; 24: 2187\u20132198.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22608"},{"key":"148197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.22608","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22608"},{"key":"148198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakin E, Simpson DM. Botulinum toxin therapy in writer\u2019s cramp and musician\u2019s dystonia. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13: 899.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13120899"},{"key":"148199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins13120899","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13120899"},{"key":"148200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackman M, Delrobaei M, Rahimi F, Atashzar SF, Shahbazi M, Patel R, et al. Predicting improvement in writer\u2019s cramp symptoms following botulinum neurotoxin injection therapy. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2016; 6: 410.","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.286"},{"key":"148201","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7916\/D82Z15Q5"},{"key":"148202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park JE, Shamim EA, Panyakaew P, Mathew P, Toro C, Sackett J, et al. Botulinum toxin and occupational therapy for writer\u2019s cramp. Toxicon 2019; 169: 12\u201317.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2019.07.010"},{"key":"148203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxicon.2019.07.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2019.07.010"},{"key":"148204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leh\u00e9ricy S, Tijssen MA, Vidailhet M, Kaji R, Meunier S. The anatomical basis of dystonia: current view using neuroimaging. Mov Disord 2013; 28: 944\u2013957.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25527"},{"key":"148205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.25527","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25527"}],"container-title":["Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/medicaljournalssweden.se\/jrm\/article\/download\/45215\/53457","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/medicaljournalssweden.se\/jrm\/article\/download\/45215\/53457","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T11:27:27Z","timestamp":1775734047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/medicaljournalssweden.se\/jrm\/article\/view\/45215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":97,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2340\/jrm.v58.45215","relation":{},"ISSN":["1651-2081"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1651-2081","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]}}}