{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T18:29:39Z","timestamp":1788805779048,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MJS Publishing, Medical Journals Sweden AB","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SJU"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: It is unknown how risk factors for infection after transrectal prostate biopsy interact. We designed a study to evaluate this.\nMethods: We identified biopsy procedures from 2006 to 2020 in the Swedish nationwide database PCBaSe. Primary outcome was post-biopsy infection, defined as a dispensed prescription of a urinary tract antibiotic and secondary outcome was inpatient care for infection both within 30 days. Risk factors were age, diabetes, medical treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs), prostate enlargement, immunosuppressives, corticosteroids, and defined antibiotic exposure during the past 1\u201312 months. When analysing risk in men with several risk factors clinically related factors were grouped as urinary tract infection (UTI)-antibiotics, treatment of LUTS, immunosuppressives including corticosteroids, and diabetes. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).\nResults: A total of 139,056 transrectal prostate biopsy procedures were analysed. The grouped risk factors were significantly associated with post-biopsy infection (multivariable ORs: 1.22\u20131.72). Infection increased with number of risk factors; none: 4.0% (95% CI: 3.8\u20134.1), one: 6% (95% CI: 5.9\u20136.4), two: 10% (95% CI: 9.3\u201311), and three or four: 12% (95% CI: 9.8\u201314); inpatient care increased from 2.0% (95% CI: 1.9\u20132.1) to 3.1% (95% CI: 2.2\u20134.4).\nConclusion: Infection risk after transrectal prostate biopsy incrementally increases with the number of risk factors.Clinical Implications: The transrectal biopsy route should be used with caution for patients with several risk factors for post-biopsy infections.\nPatient Summary: Diabetes, urinary symptoms, previous urinary infection, and immune suppressing medication increase the risk of infection after a prostate biopsy through the rectum. Patients with many of these conditions have a particularly high risk.\nWhat does the study add? We used nationwide register data to estimate the infection risk after transrectal prostate biopsy by the number of these risk factors: diabetes, medical treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms, immunosuppressives including corticosteroids, and use of urinary tract antibiotics the past year. The risk incrementally increased from 4.0% in men with no risk factor to 12% in those with 3 or 4.\nTake Home Message: Infection after transrectal prostate biopsy increases with number of risk factors: diabetes, medical treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms, immunosuppressives including corticosteroids, and use of urinary tract antibiotics the past year, from 4.0% (none) to 12% (3 or 4).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2340\/sju.v61.45581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T11:04:42Z","timestamp":1774955082000},"page":"99-105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Number of risk factors versus infection after transrectal prostate biopsy: a nationwide population-based study"],"prefix":"10.2340","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5033-6544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joakim","family":"\u00d6rtegren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3799-9869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olof","family":"Elvstam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0244-5508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimia","family":"Kohestani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6441-4729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Kj\u00f6lhede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8455-2010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Styrke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8306-0687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e4r","family":"Stattin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Berglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9198-9445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ola","family":"Bratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1183","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"147558","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loeb S, Vellekoop A, Ahmed HU, et al. 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Complications following transrectal and transperineal prostate biopsy: results of the ProBE-PC randomized clinical trial. J Urol. 2023;211(2):205\u2013213.","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003788"},{"key":"147572","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JU.0000000000003788","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003788"},{"key":"147573","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradere B, Veeratterapillay R, Dimitropoulos K, et al. Nonantibiotic strategies for the prevention of infectious complications following prostate biopsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Urol. 2021;205(3):653\u2013663.","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001399"},{"key":"147574","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JU.0000000000001399","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001399"},{"key":"147575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei H, Dong X, Li L, et al. Retrospective study of the etiology and risk factors of systemic inflammatory response syndrome after systematic transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:3187\u20133193.","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S256548"},{"key":"147576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S256548","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S256548"},{"key":"147577","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundstrom KJ, Drevin L, Carlsson S, et al. Nationwide population based study of infections after transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. J Urol. 2014;192(4):1116\u20131122.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.04.098"},{"key":"147578","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2014.04.098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.04.098"},{"key":"147579","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts MJ, Bennett HY, Harris PN, et al. Prostate biopsy-related infection: a systematic review of risk factors, prevention strategies, and management approaches. Urology. 2017;104:11\u201321.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2016.12.011"},{"key":"147580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2016.12.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2016.12.011"},{"key":"147581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loeb S, van den Heuvel S, Zhu X, et al. Infectious complications and hospital admissions after prostate biopsy in a European randomized trial. Eur Urol. 2012;61(6):1110\u20131114.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.12.058"},{"key":"147582","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.12.058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.12.058"},{"key":"147583","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6rtegren J, Kohestani K, Elvstam O, et al. Risk factors for infection after transrectal prostate biopsy: a population-based register study. Eur Urol Open Sci. 2024;67:1\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2024.06.015"},{"key":"147584","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euros.2024.06.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2024.06.015"},{"key":"147585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Hemelrijck M, Garmo H, Wigertz A, et al. Cohort profile update: the National Prostate Cancer Register of Sweden and Prostate Cancer Data Base \u2013 a refined prostate cancer trajectory. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(1):73\u201382.","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv305"},{"key":"147586","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyv305","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv305"},{"key":"147587","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bratt O, Carlsson S, Fransson P, et al. The Swedish national guidelines on prostate cancer, part 1: early detection, diagnostics, staging, patient support and primary management of non-metastatic disease. 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