{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T01:29:56Z","timestamp":1759541396805,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Operative Dentistry","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:p>Objectives: Tooth whitening has been associated with splitting-up chromogenic molecules by hydrogen peroxides. Though micromorphological alterations are well documented, little is known about optical changes as a function of shifting in wavelengths. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to measure reflectance changes after bleaching <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> by using a spectrometer.<\/jats:p>\n        <jats:p>Methods: Forty-eight enamel slabs (diameter = 5 mm) were prepared from the sound enamel of extracted human teeth that were: 1) fully impacted, 2) from juveniles ages 10 to 16 years, 3) from adults 35 to 45 years of age and 4) from seniors older than age 65. In all specimens, the baseline total reflectance measurement was performed with a computer-assisted spectrometer (Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL, USA) within wavelengths (<jats:italic>wl<\/jats:italic>) from 430 nm to 800 nm. Four enamel samples of each age group were exposed to either 10% or 15% carbamide peroxide (Illumin\u00e9 Home, Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany) or 35% hydrogen peroxide (Pola Office, SDI Limited, Victoria, Australia). After surface treatment, all slabs underwent total reflectance measurement again. Statistical analysis was calculated at <jats:italic>wl<\/jats:italic> 450, 500 and 750 nm using the Student's paired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-test and one-way variance analysis.<\/jats:p>\n        <jats:p>Results: Total reflectance significantly increased after bleaching at all enamel maturation stages, irrespective of the bleaching agent concentration, for <jats:italic>wl<\/jats:italic> 450 nm (blue) and 500 nm (green) with <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.0001. At 750 nm (red), significant changes only occurred in enamel from adults and seniors (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.04). However, the efficacy of bleaching was significantly increased in the blue and green light spectra as compared to the red spectra (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.0001).<\/jats:p>\n        <jats:p>Conclusions: The results of the current study showed that the exclusive assumption of the \u201cchromophore effect\u201d in dental bleaching could not be sustained, because whitening of the dental enamel works at different maturation stages, even in impacted teeth. This effect is irrespective of the bleaching protocol used and the bleaching agent concentration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2341\/09-078-l","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,30]],"date-time":"2010-06-30T17:07:56Z","timestamp":1277917676000},"page":"405-411","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effects of Bleaching Agents on Human Enamel Light Reflectance"],"prefix":"10.2341","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Markovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Fotouhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. A.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Gaengler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Zimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1188","reference":[{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"i1559-2863-35-4-405-b1","series-title":"Journal of Dentistry","first-page":"3","article-title":"Tooth colour: A review of the literature.","volume":"32","year":"2004","unstructured":"Joiner, A.\n          \n          2004. Tooth colour: A review of the literature.Journal of Dentistry32Supplement 1:3\u201312."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1559-2863-35-4-405-b2","series-title":"British Dental Journal","first-page":"309","article-title":"Tooth discolouration and staining: A review of the literature.","volume":"190","year":"2001","unstructured":"Watts, A. and M.Addy. 2001. Tooth discolouration and staining: A review of the literature.British Dental Journal1906:309\u2013316."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1559-2863-35-4-405-b3","series-title":"Journal of Oral Rehabilitation","first-page":"473","article-title":"Effects of hydrogen peroxide on the light reflectance and morphology of bovine enamel.","volume":"29","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kwon, Y., M.Huo, K.Kim, S.Kim, and Y.Kim. 2002. Effects of hydrogen peroxide on the light reflectance and morphology of bovine enamel.Journal of Oral Rehabilitation295:473\u2013477."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1559-2863-35-4-405-b4","series-title":"Journal of Dental Research","first-page":"471","article-title":"Investigation of factors influencing stain formation utilizing an in situ model.","volume":"9","year":"1995","unstructured":"Joiner, A., M.Jones, and S.Raven. 1995. 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Relationship between tooth shade value and skin color: An observational study.Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry872:149\u2013152."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1559-2863-35-4-405-b11","series-title":"Calcified Tissue Research","first-page":"129","article-title":"The absorption and scattering of light in bovine and human enamel.","volume":"17","year":"1975","unstructured":"Spitzer, D. and J.Ten Bosch. 1975. The absorption and scattering of light in bovine and human enamel.Calcified Tissue Research172:129\u2013137."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1559-2863-35-4-405-b12","series-title":"Journal of Dental Research","first-page":"449","article-title":"Accuracy of Kubelka-Munk reflectance theory applied to human dentin and enamel.","volume":"80","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ragain, J. and W.Johnston. 2001. Accuracy of Kubelka-Munk reflectance theory applied to human dentin and enamel.Journal of Dental Research802:449\u2013452."},{"year":"1975","unstructured":"Hunter, R.\n          \n          1975. 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A double blind randomized clinical trial of at-home bleaching using two carbamide peroxide concentration: 6-month follow up.Journal of Dentistry3611:878\u2013884."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1559-2863-35-4-405-b16","series-title":"Journal of the American Dental Association","first-page":"1618","article-title":"Assessing tooth color change after repeated bleaching in vitro with 10 percent carbamide peroxide gel.","volume":"127","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lenhard, M.\n          \n          1996. Assessing tooth color change after repeated bleaching in vitro with 10 percent carbamide peroxide gel.Journal of the American Dental Association12711:1618\u20131624."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1559-2863-35-4-405-b17","series-title":"Journal Biomedical Optics","first-page":"34023","article-title":"Light scattering properties of natural and artificially demineralized dental enamel at 1310 nm.","volume":"11","year":"2006","unstructured":"Darling, C. L., G. D.Huynh, and D.Fried. 2006. Light scattering properties of natural and artificially demineralized dental enamel at 1310 nm.Journal Biomedical Optics113:34023."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1559-2863-35-4-405-b18","series-title":"Journal of Dental Research","first-page":"1891","article-title":"HeNe-laser light scattering by human dental enamel.","volume":"74","year":"1995","unstructured":"Zijp, J., J.ten Bosch, and R.Groenhuis. 1995. HeNe-laser light scattering by human dental enamel.Journal of Dental Research7412:1891\u20131898."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1559-2863-35-4-405-b19","series-title":"Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine","first-page":"292","article-title":"Tooth bleaching\u2014a critical review of the biologic aspects.","volume":"14","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dahl, J. and U.Pallesen. 2003. Tooth bleaching\u2014a critical review of the biologic aspects.Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine144:292\u2013304."},{"issue":"1A","key":"i1559-2863-35-4-405-b20","series-title":"Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry","first-page":"22","article-title":"Tooth whitening in children.","volume":"23","year":"2002","unstructured":"Donly, K., A.Donly, L.Baharloo, E.Rojas-Candelas, F.Garc\u00eda-Godoy, X.Zhou, and R.Gerlach. 2002. Tooth whitening in children.Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry231A:22\u201328."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1559-2863-35-4-405-b21","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry","first-page":"9","article-title":"Analysis of photoreflectance and microhardness of the enamel in primary teeth submitted to different bleaching agents.","volume":"32","year":"2007","unstructured":"Campos, S. F., I. C.C\u00e9sar, E.Munin, P.Liporoni, and M. A.do Rego. 2007. Analysis of photoreflectance and microhardness of the enamel in primary teeth submitted to different bleaching agents.Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry321:9\u201312."}],"container-title":["Operative Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/operative-dentistry.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/odnt\/35\/4\/article-p405.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/operative-dentistry\/article-pdf\/35\/4\/405\/1823846\/09-078-l.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/operative-dentistry.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/odnt\/35\/4\/article-p405.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/operative-dentistry.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/odnt\/35\/4\/article-p405.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:41:09Z","timestamp":1758933669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/operative-dentistry.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/odnt\/35\/4\/article-p405.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2341\/09-078-l","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-2863","0361-7734"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1559-2863"},{"type":"print","value":"0361-7734"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}}}