{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T11:04:14Z","timestamp":1771671854308,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Operative Dentistry","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study evaluated the degree of conversion (DC) and working time (WT) of two commercial, dual-cured resin cements polymerized at varying temperatures and under different curing-light accessible conditions, using Fourier transformed infrared analysis (FTIR).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Calibra (Cal; Dentsply Caulk) and Variolink II (Ivoclar Vivadent) were tested at 25\u00b0C or preheated to 37\u00b0C or 50\u00b0C and applied to a similar-temperature surface of a horizontal attenuated-total-reflectance unit (ATR) attached to an infrared spectrometer. The products were polymerized using one of four conditions: direct light exposure only (600 mW\/cm2) through a glass slide or through a 1.5- or 3.0-mm-thick ceramic disc (A2 shade, IPS e.max, Ivoclar Vivadent) or allowed to self-cure in the absence of light curing. FTIR spectra were recorded for 20 min (1 spectrum\/s, 16 scans\/spectrum, resolution 4 cm\u22121) immediately after application to the ATR. DC was calculated using standard techniques of observing changes in aliphatic-to-aromatic peak ratios precuring and 20-min postcuring as well as during each 1-second interval. Time-based monomer conversion analysis was used to determine WT at each temperature. DC and WT data (n=6) were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test (p=0.05).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Higher temperatures increased DC regardless of curing mode and product. For Calibra, only the 3-mm-thick ceramic group showed lower DC than the other groups at 25\u00b0C (p=0.01830), while no significant difference was observed among groups at 37\u00b0C and 50\u00b0C. For Variolink, the 3-mm-thick ceramic group showed lower DC than the 1-mm-thick group only at 25\u00b0C, while the self-cure group showed lower DC than the others at all temperatures (p=0.00001). WT decreased with increasing temperature: at 37\u00b0C near 70% reduction and at 50\u00b0C near 90% for both products, with WT reduction reaching clinically inappropriate times in some cases (p=0.00001).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Elevated temperature during polymerization of dual-cured cements increased DC. WT was reduced with elevated temperature, but the extent of reduction might not be clinically acceptable.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2341\/11-198-l","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,21]],"date-time":"2012-07-21T04:58:00Z","timestamp":1342846680000},"page":"370-379","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Effect of Temperature on the Degree of Conversion and Working Time of Dual-Cured Resin Cements Exposed to Different Curing 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