{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T13:12:42Z","timestamp":1784121162752,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Operative Dentistry","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016]]},"abstract":"SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:bold> The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of bleaching on teeth with white spot lesions.<\/jats:p>\n \n Methods and Materials:<\/jats:bold> Carious lesions with standardized whiteness were produced on the buccal and lingual surfaces of human premolars by pH cycling. Specimens were subjected to four experimental conditions (n=20\/group) as follows: group 1, control; group 2, caries formation followed by remineralization using fluoride-containing casein phosphopeptide\u2013amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP; Tooth Mousse Plus, GC, Tokyo, Japan); group 3, caries formation followed by bleaching using 10% carbamide peroxide; and group 4, caries formation followed by both bleaching and remineralization. The CIE L*<\/jats:sup>a*<\/jats:sup>b*<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic> color values were measured with a spectroradiometer, the mineral content was measured with electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) on the cross-sectional surface of each specimen, and the Knoop hardness test was carried out along the EPMA scan line. Two-way analysis of variance was performed with Tukey post hoc<\/jats:italic> comparison.<\/jats:p>\n \n Results:<\/jats:bold> The change in the CIE color values was not significantly different between the caries-formed (\u0394E<\/jats:italic>*<\/jats:sup>=7.03) and the bleached enamel (\u0394E<\/jats:italic>*<\/jats:sup>=7.60). Bleaching of the carious enamel extended the whiteness (\u0394E<\/jats:italic>*<\/jats:sup>=3.38) without additional mineral loss (p<\/jats:italic><0.05). The remineralization treatment significantly increased the calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), and fluoride content of the subsurface lesion area (p<\/jats:italic><0.05). The cross-sectional microhardness values correlated well with the Ca and P content (R<\/jats:italic>>0.80).<\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Bleaching reduced the color disparities between sound and carious enamel without deteriorating the chemical and mechanical properties. The application of CPP-ACP paste enhanced mineral deposition in the subsurface lesion area of carious enamel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2341\/15-015-l","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,15]],"date-time":"2015-12-15T13:16:48Z","timestamp":1450185408000},"page":"318-326","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Bleaching Effects on Color, Chemical, and Mechanical Properties of White Spot Lesions"],"prefix":"10.2341","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Y","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Younju Kim, Seoul National University, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HH","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ho-Hyun Son, Seoul National University, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keewook Yi, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JS","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jin-Soo Ahn, Seoul National University, Department of Dental Biomaterials Science and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Juhea Chang, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Special Care Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1188","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"i1559-2863-41-3-318-b01","series-title":"Archives of Oral Biology","first-page":"629","article-title":"Discoloration of dental carious lesions (a 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Dentistry","first-page":"521","article-title":"Efficacy of a novel at-home bleaching technique with carbamide peroxides modified by CPP-ACP and its effect on the microhardness of bleached enamel","volume":"36","author":"Borges \n BC,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Borges \n BC, \n \n \n Borges \n JS, \n \n \n de Melo \n CD, \n \n \n Pinheiro \n IV, \n \n \n Santos \n AJ, \n \n \n Braz \n R, \n & Montes MA(2011) Efficacy of a novel at-home bleaching technique with carbamide peroxides modified by CPP-ACP and its effect on the microhardness of bleached enamelOperative Dentistry36(5) 521-528."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1559-2863-41-3-318-b11","series-title":"Acta Odontologica Scandinavica","first-page":"337","article-title":"Enamel properties after tooth bleaching with hydrogen\/carbamide peroxides in association with a CPP-ACP paste","volume":"70","author":"de Vasconcelos \n AA,","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Vasconcelos \n AA, \n \n \n Cunha \n AG, \n \n \n Borges \n BC, \n \n \n \n \n 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on enamel microhardness and surface roughness","volume":"23","author":"De Abreu \n DR,","year":"2011","unstructured":"De Abreu \n DR, \n \n \n Sasaki \n RT, \n \n \n Amaral \n FL, \n \n \n Florio \n FM, \n & Basting RT(2011) Effect of home-use and in-office bleaching agents containing hydrogen peroxide associated with amorphous calcium phosphate on enamel microhardness and surface roughnessJournal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry23(3) 158-168."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1559-2863-41-3-318-b20","series-title":"Operative Dentistry","first-page":"427","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of 15% carbamide peroxide on the surface microhardness and shear bond strength of human enamel","volume":"32","author":"Metz \n MJ,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Metz \n MJ, \n \n \n Cochran \n MA, \n \n \n Matis \n BA, \n \n \n Gonzalez \n C, \n \n \n Platt \n JA, \n & Pund MR(2007) Clinical evaluation of 15% carbamide peroxide on the surface microhardness and shear bond strength of human enamelOperative Dentistry32(5) 427-436."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1559-2863-41-3-318-b21","series-title":"Quintessence International","first-page":"407","article-title":"Mechanical, morphologic, and chemical effects of carbamide peroxide bleaching agents on human enamel in situ","volume":"42","author":"Smidt \n A,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smidt \n A, \n \n \n Feuerstein \n O, \n & Topel M(2011) Mechanical, morphologic, and chemical effects of carbamide peroxide bleaching agents on human enamel in situQuintessence International42(5) 407-412."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1559-2863-41-3-318-b22","series-title":"Caries Research","first-page":"377","article-title":"Effect of addition of citric acid and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate to a sugar-free chewing gum on enamel remineralization in situ","volume":"41","author":"Cai \n F,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cai \n F, \n \n \n Manton \n DJ, \n \n \n Shen \n P, \n \n \n Walker \n GD, \n \n \n Cross \n KJ, \n \n \n Yuan \n Y, \n \n \n Reynolds \n C, \n & Reynolds EC(2007) Effect of addition of citric acid and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate to a sugar-free chewing gum on enamel remineralization in situCaries Research41(5) 377-383."}],"container-title":["Operative 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