{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T18:58:45Z","timestamp":1772132325743,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Operative Dentistry","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n This study evaluated the influence of the thickness of disilicate ceramic on the light attenuation (mW\/cm2<\/jats:sup>), degree of conversion (DC, %), Knoop hardness (KH, N\/mm2<\/jats:sup>) and the elastic modulus (E, MPa) of four luting resins.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Three resin cements: RelyX Veneer (RV, 3M Oral Care, Monrovia, CA USA); Allcem Veneer APS (AC, FGM); Variolink Esthetic LC (VE, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and one flowable resin composite Tetric N-Flow (TF, Ivoclar Vivadent) were photocured for 20 seconds. The irradiance (mW\/cm2<\/jats:sup>) and emission spectrum (mW\/cm2<\/jats:sup>\/nm) from a broad-spectrum LED light unit (Bluephase G2, Ivoclar Vivadent) were measured over the luting material (control) and through 0.3 mm, 0.7 mm, and 1.0 mm thick ceramic discs (e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The LED light delivered 26.1 J\/cm2<\/jats:sup> to the surface and 6.2 J\/cm2<\/jats:sup> through the 1.0 mm thick ceramic. The distribution of violet and blue light across the light tip of the light-curing unit (LCU) was relatively homogeneous, but there was less violet range. The irradiance and spectral radiant power decreased significantly as the ceramic thicknesses increased (p<\/jats:italic><0.001). The luting material type had significant effect on KH and E values (p<\/jats:italic><0.001). The RV had the greatest KH and E values, and VE had the lowest. Ceramic thickness had no significant effect on KH (p<\/jats:italic>=0.213) and E (p<\/jats:italic>=0.130). The KH (p<\/jats:italic>=0.265) and E (p<\/jats:italic>=0.165) were also not influenced by the location where these measurements were made across the specimens. No significant reduction of the DC was observed as the ceramic thickness increased (p=<\/jats:italic>0.311).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Increasing the ceramic thickness exponentially reduced the irradiance. This reduction was more pronounced at the shorter wavelengths (violet) of light, with an 82% decrease for 1 mm-thick ceramic. Increasing the ceramic thickness did not affect the DC, irrespective of photoinitiators used in the tested resins. The position of the violet and blue LEDs within the body of the LCU did not influence KH or E in any of the resins tested. The KH and E of VE were significantly lower than the other 3 luting materials tested.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2341\/21-195-l","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T10:36:12Z","timestamp":1676370972000},"page":"226-235","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Effect of Ceramic Thickness on Light Attenuation, Degree of Conversion, Knoop Hardness, and Elastic Modulus of Four Luting Resins"],"prefix":"10.2341","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"JD","family":"Maz\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Julia Dantas Maz\u00e3o, DDS, MSc, PhD, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SSL","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stella Sueli Louren\u00e7o Braga, DDS, MSc, PhD, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Brangan\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gabriel Brangan\u00e7a, DDS, NSc, PhD, Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Zancop\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karla Zancop\u00e9, DDS MSc, PhD, professor, Department of Occlusion, Fixed Prosthodontics, and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RB","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Richard Bengt Price, DDS, MS, PhD, professor, Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CJ","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Carlos J Soares, DDS, MS, PhD, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1188","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"i1559-2863-48-2-226-b1","series-title":"Dental Materials","first-page":"e309","article-title":"Curing potential and color stability of different resin-based luting materials","volume":"36","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schneider\n LFJ,\n \n \n Ribeiro\n RB,\n \n \n Liberato\n WF,\n \n \n Salgado\n VE,\n \n \n Moraes\n RR,\n &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCavalcanteLM(\n\t\t\t\t\t2020)\n\t\t\t\t\tCuring potential and color stability of different resin-based luting materialsDental Materials36(\n\t\t\t\t\t10)\n\t\t\t\t\te309\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\te315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dental.2020.07.003"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1559-2863-48-2-226-b2","series-title":"Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry","first-page":"441","article-title":"Light transmission through all-ceramic dental materials: A pilot study","volume":"91","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rasetto\n FH,\n \n \n Driscoll\n CF,\n \n \n Prestipino\n V,\n \n \n Masri\n R,\n &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tvon FraunhoferJA(\n\t\t\t\t\t2005)\n\t\t\t\t\tLight transmission through all-ceramic dental materials: A pilot studyJournal of Prosthetic Dentistry91(\n\t\t\t\t\t5)\n\t\t\t\t\t441\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022391304001106"},{"issue":"supplement 1","key":"i1559-2863-48-2-226-b3","series-title":"Brazilian Oral Research","first-page":"e61","article-title":"Light curing in dentistry and clinical implications: A literature review","volume":"31","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rueggeberg\n FA,\n \n \n Giannini\n M,\n \n \n Arrais\n CAG,\n 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light-cured resin cementsDental Materials36(\n\t\t\t\t\t11)\n\t\t\t\t\te340\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\te351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dental.2020.08.016"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1559-2863-48-2-226-b13","series-title":"Clinical Oral Investigations","first-page":"2745","article-title":"Ceramic laminate veneers: Effect of preparation design and ceramic thickness on fracture resistance and marginal quality in vitro","volume":"24","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blunck\n U,\n \n \n Fischer\n S,\n \n \n Hajt\u00f3\n J,\n \n \n Frei\n S,\n &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFrankenbergerR(\n\t\t\t\t\t2020)\n\t\t\t\t\tCeramic laminate veneers: Effect of preparation design and ceramic thickness on fracture resistance and marginal quality in vitroClinical Oral Investigations24(\n\t\t\t\t\t8)\n\t\t\t\t\t2745\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-019-03136-z"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1559-2863-48-2-226-b14","series-title":"in vitro study Journal of Prosthetic 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light-cured and dual-cured resin cementsJournal of Contemporary Dental Practice16(\n\t\t\t\t\t5)\n\t\t\t\t\t347\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1688"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1559-2863-48-2-226-b16","series-title":"Operative Dentistry","first-page":"396","article-title":"The use of different photoinitiator systems in photopolymerizing resin cements through ceramic veneers","volume":"44","year":"2019","unstructured":"Delgado\n AJ,\n \n \n Castellanos\n EM,\n \n \n Sinhoreti\n M,\n \n \n Oliveira\n DC,\n \n \n Abdulhameed\n N,\n \n \n Geraldeli\n S,\n \n \n Sulaiman\n TA,\n &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRouletJF(\n\t\t\t\t\t2019)\n\t\t\t\t\tThe use of different photoinitiator systems in photopolymerizing resin cements through ceramic veneersOperative Dentistry44(\n\t\t\t\t\t4)\n\t\t\t\t\t396\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2341\/17-263-L"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1559-2863-48-2-226-b17","series-title":"in vitro study Journal of Prosthetic 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Sullivan\n B,\n \n \n Kostylev\n I,\n &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFaheyJ(\n\t\t\t\t\t2014)\n\t\t\t\t\tCorrelation between the beam profile from a curing light and the microhardness of four resinsDental Materials30(\n\t\t\t\t\t12)\n\t\t\t\t\t1345\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dental.2014.10.001"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1559-2863-48-2-226-b27","series-title":"Dental Materials","first-page":"339","article-title":"Robust spectrometer-based methods for characterizing radiant exitance of dental LED light curing units","volume":"31","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shortall\n AC,\n \n \n Felix\n CJ,\n &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWattsDC(\n\t\t\t\t\t2015)\n\t\t\t\t\tRobust spectrometer-based methods for characterizing radiant exitance of dental LED light curing unitsDental Materials31(\n\t\t\t\t\t4)\n\t\t\t\t\t339\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dental.2015.02.012"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1559-2863-48-2-226-b28","series-title":"Dental 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\n \n Griza\n S,\n \n \n Takeshita\n WM,\n &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMelo de Mendon\u00e7aAA(\n\t\t\t\t\t2017)\n\t\t\t\t\tEffect of ceramic barriers of different thicknesses on microhardness of light-cured resin cementsInternational Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry37(\n\t\t\t\t\t4)\n\t\t\t\t\te204\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\te209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11607\/prd.3180"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1559-2863-48-2-226-b30","series-title":"Brazilian Dental Journal","first-page":"197","article-title":"UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis and light irradiance through hot-pressed and hot-pressed-veneered glass ceramics","volume":"19","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dias\n MC,\n \n \n Piva\n E,\n \n \n de Moraes\n RR,\n \n \n Ambrosano\n GM,\n \n \n Sinhoreti\n MA,\n &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCorrer-SobrinhoL(\n\t\t\t\t\t2008)\n\t\t\t\t\tUV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis and light irradiance through hot-pressed and hot-pressed-veneered glass ceramicsBrazilian Dental 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diodes","volume":"32","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang\n P,\n \n \n Zhou\n B,\n \n \n Zheng\n Q,\n \n \n Tian\n Y,\n \n \n Wang\n M,\n \n \n Wang\n L,\n \n \n Li\n J,\n &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJiangW(\n\t\t\t\t\t2020)\n\t\t\t\t\tNano wave plates structuring and index matching in transparent hydroxyapatite-YAG: Ce composite ceramics for high luminous efficiency white light-emitting diodesAdvanced Materials32(\n\t\t\t\t\t1)\n\t\t\t\t\te1905951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.201905951"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1559-2863-48-2-226-b33","series-title":"Dental Materials","first-page":"1030","article-title":"Degree of conversion, color stability of the light curing resin with new photoinitiator systems","volume":"25","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shin\n DH\n &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRawlsHR(\n\t\t\t\t\t2009)\n\t\t\t\t\tDegree of conversion, color stability of the light curing resin with new photoinitiator systemsDental Materials25(\n\t\t\t\t\t8)\n\t\t\t\t\t1030\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dental.2009.03.004"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1559-2863-48-2-226-b34","series-title":"Brazilian Dental Journal","first-page":"82","article-title":"Influence of photoinitiator on accelerated artificial aging and bond strength of experimental resin cements","volume":"29","year":"2018","unstructured":"Righi\n H,\n \n \n Costa\n AR,\n \n \n Oliveira\n DCRS,\n \n \n Abuna\n GF,\n \n \n Sinhoreti\n MAC,\n &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNaufelFS(\n\t\t\t\t\t2018)\n\t\t\t\t\tInfluence of photoinitiator on accelerated artificial aging and bond strength of experimental resin cementsBrazilian Dental Journal29(\n\t\t\t\t\t1)\n\t\t\t\t\t82\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0103-6440201801591"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1559-2863-48-2-226-b35","series-title":"Brazilian Oral Research","first-page":"403","article-title":"Influence of the interposition of ceramic spacers on the degree of conversion and the hardness of resin cements","volume":"27","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calgaro\n PA,\n \n \n Furuse\n AY,\n \n \n Correr\n GM,\n \n \n Ornaghi\n BP,\n &\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGonzagaCC(\n\t\t\t\t\t2013)\n\t\t\t\t\tInfluence of the interposition of ceramic spacers on the degree of conversion and the hardness of resin cementsBrazilian Oral Research27(\n\t\t\t\t\t5)\n\t\t\t\t\t403\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1806-83242013000500004"}],"container-title":["Operative 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