{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T05:24:31Z","timestamp":1785821071065,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Operative Dentistry","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:p>This study examined the influence of cariogenic environments on the surface roughness of ion-releasing restorative materials (IRMs). Custom-made stainless steel molds with holes of 5 mm \u00d7 2mm were used to fabricate 60 disc-shaped specimens of each of the following materials: Activa Bioactive (AV), Beautifil Bulk Restorative (BB), Cention N (Bulk-fill) (CN), and Filtek Z350XT (FZ) (Control). Baseline surface roughness (Ra) measurements were obtained using an optical 3D measurement machine (Alicona Imaging GmbH, Graz, Austria). The specimens were then randomly divided into five subgroups (n=12) and exposed to 10 ml of the following mediums at 37\u00b0C: distilled water (DW), demineralization solution (DM), remineralization solution (RM), pH cycling (PC) and air (AR) (control). Ra measurements were again recorded after one week and one month, followed by statistical evaluations with two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine interactions between materials and mediums. One-way ANOVA and <jats:italic>post hoc<\/jats:italic> Games Howell tests were performed for intergroup comparisons at a significance level of 0.05. Mean Ra values ranged from 0.085 \u00b1 0.004 (\u00b5m) to 0.198 \u00b1 0.001 \u00b5m for the various material-medium combinations. All IRMs showed significant differences in Ra values after exposure to the aqueous mediums. The smoothest surfaces were observed in the AR for all materials. When comparing materials, AV presented the roughest surfaces for all mediums. All IRM materials showed increased surface roughness over time in all cariogenic environments but were below the threshold value for bacterial adhesion, except for AV 1-month post immersion with pH cycling. Therefore, besides AV, the surface roughness of IRMs did not deteriorate to an extent that it is clinically relevant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2341\/23-038-l","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T23:33:57Z","timestamp":1704843237000},"page":"178-188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Surface Degradation of Ion-releasing Restorative Materials With Cariogenic Challenge"],"prefix":"10.2341","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"H","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hafizah Ibrahim, DDS, MClinDent, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A Abdul","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Azwatee Abdul Aziz, BDS, MClinDent, PhD, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"NA","family":"Yahya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noor Azlin Yahya, DipTrans, BDS, MDentSci, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AU","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adrian U-Jin Yap, BDS, MSc, PhD, Grad Dip Psychotherapy, Department of Dentistry, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital and Faculty of Dentistry, National University Health System, Singapore; National Dental Research Institute Singapore, National Dental Centre and Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore Health Services, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1188","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"b1","series-title":"Quintessence International","first-page":"165","article-title":"Secondary caries: A literature review with case 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roughness, and solubility of esthetic restorative materialsJournal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry23(5) 315-322."},{"issue":"3","key":"b35","series-title":"Dental Material Journal","first-page":"455","article-title":"Evaluation of flowable resin composite surfaces eroded by acidic and alcoholic drinks","volume":"27","author":"Han\n              L","year":"2008","unstructured":"Han\n              L\n            , OkamotoA, FukushimaM, & OkijiT (2008) Evaluation of flowable resin composite surfaces eroded by acidic and alcoholic drinksDental Material Journal27(3) 455-465."},{"issue":"3","key":"b36","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry","first-page":"153","article-title":"Effect of carbonated beverages, coffee, sports and high energy drinks, and bottled water on the in vitro erosion characteristics of dental enamel","volume":"31","author":"Kitchens\n              M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kitchens\n              M\n             & OwensBM (2007) Effect of 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roughness and bacterial adhesion of three glass ionomer-based restorative materials: In vitro study","volume":"12","author":"Ismail\n              HS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ismail\n              HS\n            , AliAI, Abo El-EllaMA, & MahmoudSH (2020) Effect of different polishing techniques on surface roughness and bacterial adhesion of three glass ionomer-based restorative materials: In vitro studyJournal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry12(7) e620-e625."},{"issue":"2","key":"b41","series-title":"Egyptian Dental Journal","first-page":"1421","article-title":"Effects of oral prophylaxis methods on the surface roughness of tooth coloured restorative materials","volume":"65","author":"Ibrahim\n              A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ibrahim\n              A\n            , DouidarW, & GhorabS (2019) Effects of oral prophylaxis methods on the surface roughness of tooth coloured restorative materialsEgyptian Dental Journal65(2) 1421-1429."},{"issue":"5","key":"b42","series-title":"Operative Dentistry","first-page":"661","article-title":"Effects of pH on the microhardness of resin-based restorative materials","volume":"30","author":"Mohamed-Tahir\n              MA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mohamed-Tahir\n              MA\n            , TanHY, WooAA, & YapAU (2005) Effects of pH on the microhardness of resin-based restorative materialsOperative Dentistry30(5) 661-666."},{"issue":"4","key":"b43","series-title":"Frontiers in Oral Health","first-page":"628026","article-title":"Wear behavior and surface quality of dental bioactive ions-releasing resins under simulated chewing conditions","volume":"2","author":"Garcia\n              IM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia\n              IM\n            , BalhaddadAA, AljubooriN, IbrahimMS, MokeemL, OgubunkaA, CollaresFM, & MeloMA (2021) Wear behavior and surface quality of dental bioactive ions-releasing resins under simulated chewing conditionsFrontiers in Oral Health2(4) 628026."},{"issue":"3","key":"b44","series-title":"Saudi Dental Journal","first-page":"232","article-title":"Impact of dietary solvents on flexural properties of bulk-fill composites","volume":"30","author":"Eweis\n              AH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eweis\n              AH\n            , YapAU, & YahyaNA (2018) Impact of dietary solvents on flexural properties of bulk-fill compositesSaudi Dental Journal30(3) 232-239."},{"issue":"12","key":"b45","series-title":"Journal of Dental Materials","first-page":"1757","article-title":"Characterization of the bioactivity of two commercial composites","volume":"35","author":"Tiskaya\n              M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tiskaya\n              M\n            , Al-EesaN, WongF, & HillR (2019) Characterization of the bioactivity of two commercial compositesJournal of Dental Materials35(12) 1757-1768."},{"key":"b46","series-title":"International Journal of 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