{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:52:57Z","timestamp":1787025177342,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Operative Dentistry","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated theobromine\u2019s (Theobroma cacao) potential in remineralizing white spot lesions in dental enamel. Methods: This study is reported according to the PRISMA checklist and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023414371). In vitro tests that evaluated the remineralizing potential of theobromine compared to fluoride ion after demineralization for the formation of white spot lesions on enamel were selected, with no limitation on the year of publication. Electronic searches were performed in PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science by two independent researchers. Thirty articles were received of which six were selected according to the inclusion criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The selected studies evaluated the Enamel Surface Microhardness (SMH), Vickers or Knoop, before and after treatment with theobromine and fluoride solutions. For the SMH Vickers, there were no differences between groups at baseline (p=1.00; mean difference: -0.00; CI: -11.36 to 11.36) and after treatment (p=0.51; mean difference: 4.12; CI: -8.16 to 16.41). The results of SMH Knoop showed differences between groups at baseline, favoring the experimental group (p=0.002; mean difference: 9.84; CI: 3.65 to 16.02) and after treatment favoring the control group (p=0.00001; mean difference: -5.45; CI: -7.62 to -3.27).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of theobromine increases the microhardness of dental enamel subjected to a demineralization process, thus being effective in the remineralization of this tissue with success equivalent to that obtained with the use of fluoride.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2341\/23-153-lit","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:44:25Z","timestamp":1720658665000},"page":"376-387","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Theobromine for Remineralization of White Spot Lesions on Dental Enamel: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.2341","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"ARJ da","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Andr\u00e9 Rodrigo Justino da Silva, DDS, MS, State University of Para\u00edba (UEPB), Campina Grande, Para\u00edba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RI dos Santos","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhuan Isllan dos Santos Gon\u00e7alves, DDS, MS, State University of Para\u00edba (UEPB), Campina Grande, Para\u00edba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MHC de Vasconcelos","family":"Cat\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maria Helena Chaves de Vasconcelos Cat\u00e3o, DDS, MS, PhD, State University of Para\u00edba (UEPB), Campina Grande, Para\u00edba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1188","reference":[{"issue":"9555","key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"51","article-title":"Dental caries","volume":"369","author":"Selwitz\n              RH","year":"2007","unstructured":"Selwitz\n              RH\n            , IsmailAI, & PittsNB (2007) Dental cariesLancet369(9555) 51-59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60031-2"},{"issue":"7","key":"b2","series-title":"Journal of the American Dental Association","first-page":"887","article-title":"The science and practice of caries prevention","volume":"131","author":"Featherstone\n              JDB","year":"2000","unstructured":"Featherstone\n              JDB\n            \n           (2000) The science and practice of caries preventionJournal of the American Dental Association131(7) 887-899. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14219\/jada.archive.2000.0307"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Monographs of Oral Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1159\/000359943","article-title":"Understanding the chemistry of dental erosion","volume":"25","author":"Shellis\n              RP","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shellis\n              RP\n            , FeatherstoneJDB, & LussiA (2014) Understanding the chemistry of dental erosionMonographs of Oral Science25163-179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000359943"},{"issue":"3","key":"b4","series-title":"Journal of Dental Research","first-page":"254","article-title":"Progress in dental adhesive materials","volume":"102","author":"Cadenaro\n              M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cadenaro\n              M\n            , JosicU, Maravi\u0107T, MazzitelliC, MarchesiG, MancusoE, BreschiL, & MazzoniA (2023) Progress in dental adhesive materialsJournal of Dental Research102(3) 254-262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345221145673"},{"issue":"1","key":"b5","series-title":"European Journal of Dentistry","first-page":"41","article-title":"Systematic review on white spot lesions treatments","volume":"16","author":"Puleio\n              F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Puleio\n              F\n            , FiorilloL, GorassiniF, IandoloA, MetoA, D\u2019AmicoC, CervinoG, PinizzottoM, BrunoG, PortelliM, AmatoA, & Lo GiudiceR. 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& ZawilC (2014) The comparison of enamel hardness between fluoride and theobromine applicationInternational Journal of Contemporary Dental and Medical Reviews2014031214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15713\/ins.ijcdmr.14"},{"issue":"3","key":"b41","series-title":"Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry","first-page":"275","article-title":"Evaluation of human enamel surfaces treated with theobromine: A pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Kargul\n              B","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kargul\n              B\n            , \u00d6zcanM, PekerS, NakamotoT, SimmonsWB, & FalsterAU (2012) Evaluation of human enamel surfaces treated with theobromine: A pilot studyOral Health & Preventive Dentistry10(3) 275\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3290\/j.ohpd.a28524"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Emerging Trends in Photonics, Signal Processing and Communication Engineering. 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Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol 649Springer, Singapore, 195-202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-15-3477-5_25"},{"issue":"Special Issue B","key":"b43","series-title":"Journal of Dental Research","first-page":"829","article-title":"Enamel apatite: Chemistry, structure and properties","volume":"58","author":"Eanes\n              ED","year":"1979","unstructured":"Eanes\n              ED\n            \n           (1979) Enamel apatite: Chemistry, structure and propertiesJournal of Dental Research58(Special Issue B) 829\u2013836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345790580023501"},{"issue":"7","key":"b44","series-title":"Archives of Oral Biology","first-page":"704","article-title":"Comparison of Knoop and Vickers surface microhardness and transverse microradiography for the study of early caries lesion formation in human and bovine enamel","volume":"59","author":"Lippert\n              F","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lippert\n              F\n             & LynchRJ (2014) Comparison of Knoop and Vickers surface microhardness and transverse microradiography for the study of early caries lesion formation in human and bovine enamelArchives of Oral Biology59(7) 704\u2013710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2014.04.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"b45","series-title":"Journal of Dental Research","first-page":"64","article-title":"Comparison of in vitro fluoride uptake by human and bovine enamel from acidulated phosphate-fluoride solutions","volume":"53","author":"Mellberg\n              JR","year":"1974","unstructured":"Mellberg\n              JR\n             & LoertscherKL (1974) Comparison of in vitro fluoride uptake by human and bovine enamel from acidulated phosphate-fluoride solutionsJournal of Dental Research53(1) 64\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220345740530013101"}],"container-title":["Operative Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/operative-dentistry.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/odnt\/49\/4\/article-p376.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/operative-dentistry\/article-pdf\/49\/4\/376\/3410459\/i1559-2863-49-4-376.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/operative-dentistry.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/odnt\/49\/4\/article-p376.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/operative-dentistry.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/odnt\/49\/4\/article-p376.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:49:20Z","timestamp":1758934160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/operative-dentistry.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/odnt\/49\/4\/article-p376.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2341\/23-153-lit","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-2863","0361-7734"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-2863","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0361-7734","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}}}